SOV - 5S99 Senež (automatizovaný systém velení)

5S99M Senez (5 & # 1057; 99 & # 1052; "& # 1057; & # 1077; & # 1085; & # 1077; & # 1078;") - Automated Command Command System anti-aircraft missile regiment/brigade station.


The automated system was developed in OKB "Peleng" (& # 1054; & # 1050; & # 1041; "& # 1055; & # 1077; & # 1083; & # 1077; & # 1085; & # 1075;") in Yekaterinburg and is produced in the GPO "Vector" (& # 1043; & # 1055; & # 1054; "& # 1042; & # 1077; & # 1082; & # 1090; & # 1086; & # 1088;").


In addition to the basic variant 5S99M, there is also a modernized variant 5S99M-1 "Senež-M" and a variant for export "Senež-M1E". The automated command system is used for centralized automatic and automated command control by a firing element of a group of anti-aircraft missile units armed with various anti-aircraft missile systems and complexes - S-300P , S-300V, S-200V, S-200D, S-75, S-75M1, S-75M4, S -125, S-125M2.


The automated command system "Senež" solves the tasks of putting the air defense group into combat readiness, distribution of targets and their allocation to individual systems and complexes in the group based on the type of aerodynamic target and combat capabilities of individual systems. The system monitors the tasks currently performed by individual components, the type and intensity of various types of interference, the activity of its own aviation. The "Senez" automated command system also allows air targets for destruction to be entered into automated aviation command systems. During combat operations, the system evaluates the air situation with regard to the safety of its own fighters and allows you to guide individual fighters to the monitored air targets.


The automated command system is equipped with a combat situation simulation system that allows you to practice various combat situations without realistic targets in the entire group of resources.

An automated command system of the command post and anti-aircraft missile regiment/brigade is located on the trailer & # 357; ahanom & # 269; aha & # 269; om (e.g. KrAZ-260)

Title page of regulation PVO-32-18
" 5S99E AUTOMATED COMMAND SYSTEM
Description
General information "


This is a description of the basic version, which could only control PLRK series S-75M * and newer and all versions of PLRK S-125.
This version of the ASV was also purchased for the needs of the Czechoslovak Army, specifically it was placed on the SVS 71.plrb, 56.rtpr and NS-5 in the position of Drnov.
The system was put into position in the autumn of 1984, it was assembled, 16 firing divisions were connected (8x S-75M3 and M *. 8x S-125M), a detour was performed and work immediately began on the changers on the 5S99M1E (due to the connection of plrs with three-channel PLRK S-200VE Vega in the position Dobříš - 17., 18. and 19.plro). At the same time, these exchanges prepared the ASV for the connection of promising PLRK S-300PMU, which were planned for rearmament instead of the existing S-75 and S-125, and which also eventually occurred for a while. A successful control bypass with connected S-300PMU was also performed (20.plro in the 71.plrb set)


PLRK, which was able to control ASV in the design 5S99M1E Seněž-M1E:
- S-75M * and newer
- S-125 of all versions
- S-200 of all versions
- S-300 series P (S-300 series V Seněž can not drive)

Source:
Original regulation PVO-32-18


P.s .:
Many thanks to Martin Smíšek for the opportunity to publish this document here, who lent me the original for processing.[/Color]

PVO-32-18


FEDERAL MINISTRY OF DEFENSE



I approve.
Chief of Service
missile and artillery armament
Colonel Ing.Ladislav Volf
Prague, December 7, 1990






5S99E AUTOMATED COMMAND SYSTEM


Description


General information



=============================================== ===================


This regulation contains:


(a) 70 (seventy) pages of text with Annexes 1 and 2 vto;


b) accessories:


1 ................................................. .............................


2 ................................................. .............................


3 ................................................. .............................




=============================================== ===================



1. GENERAL INFORMATION


The 5S99E system includes a set of means for automating the control of combat operations of an anti-aircraft missile brigade of a mixed assembly and the guidance of fighters of a guidance station located at the command post of the anti-aircraft missile brigade.


The description of the 5S99E system in the Soviet original documentation consists of three books, which contain general system questions and general descriptions, which belong to the system of the 5C31, 5D91, 5F80E, 5Ja62 and 5Ja63 devices.


The content of this regulation, which is a translation of the first book of the original Soviet documentation, the description of the 5S99E system, is given in the introduction to the regulation.


The second book of the Soviet original regulation "Sistěma 5S99E. Těchničeskoje opisanie. Organizacija svjazi i peredači tělekodovoj informacii, TJul 600 057-2 T02/s" alarms.


The third book of the Soviet original regulation "Sistěma 5S99E. Těchničeskoje opisanie. Obměn informacijej s vněšnimi aboněntami, TJul 600 057-2 T04/s" codegrams.

2. SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION AND TROUBLESHOOTING


2.1.



2.2.


The initial data for the control of the anti-aircraft missile division (plro) and guidance of fighters in the 5S99E system are:


(a) information on the air situation proceeding from the automated RLI source and via the alert network;


b) commands and commands proceeding from the PVOS VS VS (the PVOS VS VS can be automated or non-automated);


c) documents on combat readiness and combat activities controlled by plro;


d) evidence of combat activity of guided fighters.


The air situation, commands and commands of the superior VS and documents of controlled means are displayed on the indicators of individual workplaces of the operator.
Members of the combat shift VS system 5S99E have the opportunity to intervene in the process of calculating proposals for the control of plro and guidance of fighters with priority decisions of members of the combat shift.


From the VS system 5S99E, information about targets, commands and commands is passed to the controlled plro. Commands for SI guidance are transmitted by the 5S99E system to fighter aircraft.



2.3. The following tasks are automatically solved in the 5S99E system:


a. Receiving an alarm signal from the superior VS and sending it to the 5D91 and controlled plro station;


b) receiving, processing and displaying information on the air situation, commands and regulations proceeding from the automated VS PVOS unit, transmission of documents on combat readiness and combat activities controlled by plro, as well as transmission of documents on combat activities of guided fighters;


c. Receiving, processing and displaying information on the air situation, proceeding from an automated RLI source (including information on missiles and low-flying targets, proceeding from station 5D91) on the screens of indicators of automated workplaces VS system 5S99E;


d) reception and display of the initial radar information on the air situation, proceeding from the cooperating radar (radar complex) on the screens of indicators of automated workplaces of the VS system 5S99E;


e) division of objectives, setting of objectives and transmission of control commands to plro subordinates according to objectives and guidelines to active jammers;


f) receiving, processing and displaying information on plro's combat readiness and combat activities, as well as plro's feedback on the objectives and guidelines pursued;

3. MAIN TACTICAL-TECHNICAL DATA OF THE SYSTEM


3.1. The 5S99E system provides:


a) automated control of combat activities plrb, which consists of a maximum of 17 plro, armed with anti-aircraft missile complexes type S-75M, S-125 and S-125M in any combination;


b) immediate automated guidance to targets simultaneously up to 6 fighters of the type MiG-21M (MF, PF, PFM, BIS), MiG-23M (MF), MiG-25P (PD) equipped with equipment "Lazur", "Lazur-M" , which are located at a maximum of three airports.



3.2 Maximum number of plro to destroy identified targets:
- manually - maximum 4 plro per Individual or group goal;
- automatically - the amount corresponds to the numerical composition of the target, but a maximum of three plro per target.


Note: Detected targets are those targets for which information containing three coordinates is known - X, Z, H.


Maximum number of plro intended for pointers:
- manually - maximum 4 plro per direction;
- automatic - maximum one plro per direction.



3.3.


In addition, the VS of the 5S9GE system provides:


a) processing of plro feedback on a maximum of 17 targets and directives for active jammers;


b) processing of coordinates with a maximum of 14 air targets, entered into the computer from the RM-IV workplace (according to the information of the PDVO planset);


c) extrapolation of the coordinates of a maximum of 6 taking-off or lost fighters with transmission of target data to an automated RLI source for aircraft search.

Maximum speed of air objects - 4500 km/h (maximum values of speed components Vx max and Vz max - 1270 m/s).
Maximum height of air objects - 40 km.



3.4 The 5S99E system guidance station provides:


a) solving the tasks of guiding a maximum of 6 fighter aircraft during their operation from ground guard or air guard (max. 3 aircraft to one target);


b) automated introduction of fighter aircraft into the areas of surveillance in the air, selected by the combat shift (max. 6 areas);


c) guidance of fighter aircraft to targets - active jammers, monitored by the triangulation method.



3.5 The 5S99E Command Post shall use recording and documentation to provide:


a) automatic recording of input, internal and output digital (telecode) information and calls of members of the combat shift during the conduct of combat operations on a magnetic tape with the possibility of replaying the recorded information and calls after the end of combat operations;


b) automatic documentation of the overall results of combat operations (number of targets assigned to destroy plro; number of targets destroyed plro; number of assigned targets that could not be destroyed plro; number of targets assigned to SL guidance channels; number of occupied SL guidance channels; number of targets destroyed fighters the number of targets and their trajectories in the raid on a paper belt every two minutes during the conduct of combat operations;


c) automated processing of digital information recorded on magnetic tape and its documentation on film (microfilming) after the end of combat operations (in ROR mode);


d) preparation of documents on the conduct of combat operations after its completion (based on the use of all information recorded during the conduct of combat operations).



3.6. if necessary) combat activities of all or part of the PLRK from the group.


Imitation of max. 50 air objects (detected objects from station 5D91) is programmatically secured on the VS system, of which:


a) a maximum of 32 independent (main) objects (targets, fighters in any combination, but a maximum of 6 fighters;


b) max.8 dependent objects for each main object with a total of 50 main and dependent objects.


The air situation can also be simulated on the VS system by playing a magnetic tape with pre-recorded input digital (telecode) information from the RLI source.


Comprehensive PLRK combat shift exercises are performed using 5F20E cabin training devices and PLRK training devices according to the target indication information (focus) from the VS system (one imitated target for each PLRK).

3.7. The system is mobile.


The apparatus and equipment of the system are located in cabins (semi-trailers and trailers), which can be transported by rail, air, sea (river) or moved by march.


The cabins are equipped with ventilation, air conditioning and means of collective protection of persons and equipment against the penetration of radioactive and poisonous substances.



3.8.


a) telecode connection with external subscribers;
b) operational-command, loud and telephone connections with external participants;
(c) business telephone connections with external parties;
(d) internal hands-free and telephone connections;
e) reception and transmission of alarm signals.


The telecode connection in the system enables the exchange of telecode information with the superior automated VS, the automated source of radar information and with the controlled means.

Operational-command connection (OKS) takes place directly from the workplace of the combat shift. OKS resources ensure on the VS system 5S99E loud reception of documents from controlled plro, transmission of commands and orders to divisions, as well as calls with guided fighters.


With the other participants, the operational-command telephone connection is made by talking and ringing sets, located at the workplaces of the combat shift.


The business telephone connection complements the operational-command connection and enables calls to be made by telephone sets.


Internal speakerphone includes:
- loud connection of the commander of the plrb;
- loud connection of the deputy brigade commander (chief engineer);
- loud connection of plro commanders.


The loud connection of the plrb commander is organized between his automated workplace in the SC32 cabin and the 5C33, 5C34 and 5C3S cabins.


A loud connection between the deputy brigade commander is organized between his workplace in cabin 5C32 and cabins 5C33, 5C34, 5C35 and 5E87M. The participants are invited by voice.


The plro commander's loud connection (PLRK systemized loud connection) is organized between his workplace in the PLRK control cabin, other PLRK cabins and the 5F20E coupling and connection cabin.


The internal telephone connection enables calls to be made between members of the VS plrb and plro combat shifts via the 5C34, 5D97-A and 5F20E cabin exchanges.


The reception of alarm signals from the superior VS and the transmission of alarm signals to secured and controlled means is carried out by the alarm signaling apparatus.


The directions and channels of communication organized in the system are given in the original Soviet documentation TJul 600 057-2 T02/S.


To increase reliability, the connection means in the system are backed up. The main connecting channels are usually organized by lines, backup channels by radio and radio relay connections.


Line channels for telecode information communication are obscured by radio and radio relay channels.


OKS line channels are backed up by radio relay channels.


The automatic switching of telephone channels for the reception of telecode information to duplicating and manual switching of OKS voice devices to backup channels is ensured in the event of faults in the main channels.


The radio link is the main means of connecting airways with guided fighter jets, the main means of receiving information in the alert network and the main means of connecting and streams of missiles on the march.



3.9 The maximum distance of the VS system 5S99E from the automated VS beam PVOS is 250 km.


Maximum distances from the VS system:
a. Radar information processing station (5D91) - 250 km;
b) radar station VP-02M - 150 km;
c) technical section - 150 km;
d) PLRK - 150 km;
e) airport - 250 km;
f) radio relay station 5Ja63 (5Ja62) - 500 m;
g) radio stations - R-844M and R-845M - 5 km.
- for remote control by radio station R-407 - 10 km;
- when using a cable from the R-844M and R-845M radio station set - 500 m;
h) radio station R-140M - 10 km.
- when using a cable from the R-140M radio station set - 500 m.

3.10. The system can operate in the following modes:


- combat mode;
- surveillance mode;
- training mode;
- combat operations processing mode;
- prescribed work regime.


Combat mode - the system apparatus is switched on to conduct combat activity. The apparatus is powered from the main EDS (electrical power supplies). The system is put into combat mode on the command 'Combat alarm (Bojevaja trevoga)'.

Supervisory mode - the system equipment is ready for remote switching on, the alarm signalling means and supervisory communication means are switched on. The system is powered from the public grid, auxiliary power units or batteries. The main electrical generators are ready for start-up.


Training mode - The VS system apparatus is put into training mode by switching on training programmes (together with combat programmes). The system allows operational transition from training mode to combat mode.


The VS system apparatus is converted to the ROR mode by replacing three combat program blocks of one of the computers of the computer system and two blocks of the corresponding video processor with special ROR blocks; photographic cameras are installed in the automated workstations of the 5C32 cabin.


Prescribed work mode - prescribed work is carried out on the apparatus.



3.11.3.11. The specified time for unrolling of the cabin 5C31 is maximum 2 h, the time for rolling up is maximum 2 h.


The specified time for deploying the 5D91 is 3 h maximum, the time for rolling up is 3 h maximum.



3.12.3.12. The average time to bring the system to combat readiness from surveillance mode is:
(a) with full functional control:
- with power supply from the public network - 5 min;
- with EDS power supply - 7 min;
b) with reduced functional control:
- when powered from the sewn - 2,5 min;
- when powered from EDS - 4 min,


Time of transmission of the alarm signal (by the alarm signalling apparatus) with automatic confirmation of its passage - maximum 2 s in combat mode.



3.13. The following automated functional checks can be performed on the VS system:
(a) program-test check;
(b) Instrument (circuit) check.


The programme-test check ensures checking of the technical condition of the apparatus and communication tracts of the telecode information exchange when the 5S99E system is put into combat readiness, during the conduct of combat operations (by means of functional check programmes) and also during prescribed work (by means of special technological programmes).


The instrumented check is supplemented by the programme-test check and is used to check the operational capability of individual devices during system commissioning, during combat operations and during prescribed work. The results of the program-test and instrumented checks are displayed at the RMTO.

4. SYSTEM COMPOSITION AND MAIN TECHNOLOGICAL EQUIPMENT


4.1. Composition of the 5S99E system


4.1.1 The 5S99E system includes (see original Soviet TJul 600 057-2 Soh/ss diagram):
(a) Command post 5C31, which includes:
- 5C32 combat command cabin;
- a computer system cabin 5C33;
- communications cabin 5C34;
- auxiliary equipment cabin 5C35;
- a Signal Receiving Cabinet (SRC) from the primary RLI source, located in a hardened building;
- the command post power supply equipment - 2 EDS (5E96), a power distribution cab (5E87M) and a cable set (5I35);
- an assembly kit for the transfer of the automated workstations of the SC32 cab to the hardened building. The assembly kit also includes two LAU-51MK racks, which are designed to control the guidance commands issued by the fighter aircraft equipped with the 'Lazur' ('Lazur-M') device;


(b) a radar information processing station (5D91), which includes:
- Combat Command Cabin 5D98;
- computer system cabin 5E64;
- communications cabin 5D97-A;
- auxiliary equipment cabin 5D92P;
- the PORI-EDS power supply (5E96), the power distribution cabin (5E88) and the cable set (5A74);
- ARM-III workstation transfer assembly kit;


(c) Coupling and linking cabins with PLUK 5F20E (max. 17 cabins);


(d) radio relay stations 5Ja62 and 5Ja63, providing telecode information and operational command and control communication by radio (up to 20 stations, of which a maximum of 5 stations 5Ja63).


For the reception of the initial RLI from the coupled RLS (RLK), in addition to the SPS cabinet, the SM-M cabinet is used, which is also located in a hardened building.


The SM-M cabinet is not part of the 5S99E system set.

4.1.2 The PORI station is connected to the radar station (VP-02M) and the low-altitude radar station (VP-01M) of the "Vozduch-1M" system (max. 5 stations in any composition).


One VP-02M station can be directly connected to the VS of the 5S99E system instead of the 5D91 station.


Each VP-02M station may be connected to a maximum of three VP-0lM local low-altitude stations.


4.1.3 The following means are used to transmit guidance commands to fighter aircraft equipped with 'Lazur' ('Lazur-M') equipment and for phonic communication with aircraft:
(a) R-844M radio stations - max. 5 sets;
(b) radio station R-845H - 1 set;
(c) radio station R-140M - 1 set.


Note: The number of 5F20E, 5Ja63, 5Ja62, R-844M and R-845M devices is determined by the composition and deployment of the group.

4.2. Combat Command Cabin 5C32


4.2.1 The 5C32 cockpit contains:
(a) Automated and non-automated combat shift workstations;
(b) radio control equipment;
(c) a remote control console for primary radar information;
(d) radio station for communication with missile streams on the march;
(e) apparatus for the creation of display programmes (videoprooesor) - 2 sets;
(f) long-range airborne situation planner;
(g) power distribution box (RSP-M1);
(h) photographic recording set (3 photographic cameras with mounting equipment).


4.2.2. 6 automated workstations (ARM-5M) for the combat shift are located in the 5C32 cabin:
(a) Brigade Commander (ARM No. 1);
(b) Chief of Staff (ARM No 2);
(c) The combatant command officer or intelligence chief of the brigade (ARM No. 6);
(d) Chief of NS - Senior Airman (ARM No 3);
(e) two air marshals (ARM 4 and ARM 5).


Each ARM workstation has a display unit and a command console (keyboard) to input the necessary control information into the computer system.


The automated workstations (ARMs) designed for platoon command tasks (ARMs 1, 2 and 6) are equipped with PK-1 type command consoles. The automated workstations designed for fighter aircraft guidance tasks (ARM Nos 3, 4 and 5) are equipped with PK-2 type command consoles.


The specifics of the display of information on the indicator screens of ARM cabinets are given in Annex 1 to this Regulation.


The ARM flight line workstations are equipped with apparatus for controlling radio stations for communication with fighter aircraft.


A POD is located between ARM stations 4 and 5 to provide remote control by signals from the primary RLI source.


4.2.3 The following non-automated combat shift workstations are located in the 5C32 cabin:
(a) The workstation of the deputy brigade commander (chief engineer) and the directional officer at the VS of the PVOS bundle (RM GI and N);
(b) the workplace of the direction officer at the VS of the slp (RM 0Š);
(c) the post of intelligence officer;
(d) the post of Chief Chemical Officer (RMCH);
(e) Senior Combat Command Cabin Technician (RMT) workstation;
(f) workstation of two PDVO planchette draftsmen;
(g) workstation of the PDVO marker-plotter;
(h) the workstation of the coordinate input operator from the PDVO planchette (RM-IV).

Next to the chief engineer's workstation there is a radio station for radio communication with missile streams on the march.


Note: Depending on the situation, an intelligence officer may work at ARM station 6 at the discretion of the antiaircraft missile brigade commander.

4.3. Cabin of the 5C33 computing system


4.3.1 The 5C33 cab contains:
(a) a computer system, consisting of two computers;
(b) software communication equipment (peripheral processor) - 2 sets;
(c) command output equipment;
(d) data reception and transmission equipment, digital (distribution) part (APD-RM, APD-PM);
(e) technical service equipment;
(f) technical service station;
(g) recording and documentation equipment (magnetic digital information recorder URV-1, electric typewriter EPM, binding cabinets USM and ATD-3);
(h) power distribution box (RSP-M1).


4.3.2. The computing system consists of a pair of electronic digital computers type 5E63-I, one of which is used as the main (working) computer and the other is in a 'hot' backup state.


The main computer processes information according to combat programs. The backup computer operates with test programs that allow the operability of both computers to be checked.


Communication between the main and backup computers (with a cycle of 1x every 10 s) is carried out to the extent necessary for operational switching of the computers.


In the event of a failure of the main computer, automatic switchover to the backup computer is ensured. The switchover to the backup computer can also be performed manually.


The central control of the operation modes of the computers is carried out from the PVK console of the RMTO cabinet.


4.3.3 The software communication equipment ensures communication of information between the computer system and other command post equipment, between sources and consumers of information. To increase the reliability of information communication, a "hot" backup of the RMTO equipment is used.


4.3.4. The command transmission equipment is intended for the transfer and transmission of guidance commands by the R-844M radio station to the fighter aircraft equipped with the "Lazur" ("Lazur-M") device.


4.3.5. The apparatus for data reception and transmission, distribution part (APD-RM, APD-PM), provides for the reception and transmission of telecode information both in individual mode and with the use of group data reception apparatus.


4.3.6. The technical service apparatus ensures the shaping of the synchronisation signals of the computer system as well as the analysis of the test control results.


4.3.7. The RMTO workstation is intended for remote switching on (off) and functional control of the 5C31 cab, for displaying the technical status and for controlling the backup of this apparatus, as well as for switching on the selected VS mode of operation.


In addition, an RLI automated source flag is introduced from the RMTO workstation, coupled to the VS.


The RMTO cabinet is the workstation of the combatant command group chief.


4.3.8 Recording and documentation resources provide:
(a) Automatic recording of input, internal, and output digital (telecode) information with real-time linkage (using magnetic recording) during the conduct of combat operations;
(b) viewing of input digital information, recorded on magnetic tape, on ARM indicators;
(c) automated processing of digital information recorded on magnetic tape (by one of the computers of the computer system) in ROR mode and its documentation on film by photographic cameras (microfilming);
(d) viewing the microfilms (using slide projectors and projection screen) to produce combat enlistment and information documents on paper, map or photographic print;
(e) automatic documentation (with computer assistance) of summary results of combat activities on a paper tape at a rate of once every 2 min with a link to real time;
(f) transfer of the necessary information from the computer to print (using EPM).


Notes:
1. The recording set (3 photographic cameras with fixing mechanism) is located in the cabin of 5C32.
2. The projection equipment set (2 slide projectors and projection screen) is located in a weatherproof building.


4.3.9 The following combat shift personnel work in cabin 5C33:
(a) Combat Command Group Chief;
(b) The senior engineer of the computer system cabin;
(c) Senior Computer System Cab Engineer;
(d) APD apparatus technician;
(e) documentation apparatus operator.

4.4. Connecting cabin 5C34


In the 5C34 cabin are located:
(a) input switching and channel amplification equipment (5Ja71) and multiple transmission equipment (P-309);
(b) coupling apparatus with coupling channels;
(c) data reception and transmission apparatus, channel part (PPK);
(d) telephone switchboard P-198M1;
(e) the workstation of the communications chief (RMNS);
(f) recording and documentation equipment (P-500D tape recorder and ATD-2 filing cabinet);
(g) power distribution cabinet (RSP-M1);
(h) alarm signalling equipment.


4.4.2. Input-switching, channel-forming amplification and multiple transmission apparatus shall enable the reception and transmission of telecode information, operational command and service communications using cable and air link channels, radio and radio relay stations.


4.4.3 The coupling apparatus with link channels shall provide information multiplication for subscribers, control of the status of the channels receiving and transmitting telecode information and automatic or manual switching to duplicate link channels.


4.4.4 The communication chief's workstation shall be equipped with means for checking the status of the communication channels.


If necessary, call routing over the link channels can be checked from the RMNS workstation.


4.4.5 A tape recorder shall provide for automatic recording of calls by members of the combat shift on magnetic tape during the conduct of combat operations with real-time linkage and subsequent playback of the recorded calls.


4.4.6:
(a) The brigade liaison chief;
(b) a cab liaison chief;
(c) a cab liaison technician (remote liaison technician);
(d) remote link mechanic;
(e) telephone link technician;
(f) telephone mechanic;
(g) Telephonist;
(h) documentation operator.

4.5. Auxiliary equipment cabin 5C35


4.5.1 The 5C35 cabin is designed to house repair, workshop and other ancillary equipment as well as storage of DZU blocks, magnetic and paper tapes for recording and documenting equipment, spare parts, materials and operational documentation.


The 5C35 cabin houses:
(a) A power distribution box (RSP-2M);
(b) a radio operator's station with three radio receivers (2 main and one backup), which provide for the reception of air situation information over the alert network in telephone and telegraph mode (alert information is transmitted to the combat command cabin for plotting on the PDVO);
(c) one radio station R-407 (from the R-844M radio set), providing remote control (from 3 to 20 km) of one of the R-844M stations in RADIO mode, intended for phonic communication.


4.5.2. The repair shop provides repair of removable parts of the apparatus (except DZU blocks and PCB elements) and includes a set of inspection and test fixtures, a set of inspection measuring instruments, tools and spare parts, a rectifier for charging batteries. The repair shop has workstations for a locksmith and an electrician.


4.5.3:
(a) cab technician;
(b) two alert network radiotelegraphers;
(c) two enumerators;
(d) a locksmith;
(e) an electro-mechanic.

4.6. Radar information processing station (PORI - ПОРИ - Пункт Отработки Радиолокационной Информации)


4.6.1 The following main equipment is included in cabin 5D98:
(a) Automated workstations (ARM-III) of combat shift personnel;
(b) apparatus providing a link between the computer and the ARM-III workstations;
(c) long-range airborne situation planner.


4.6.2. Cabin 5E64 includes the following main equipment:
(a) two 5E63 computers;
(b) computer coupling apparatus with subscribers;
(c) telecode information transmission equipment;
(d) training and documentation equipment.


4.6.3. Cabin 5D97-A shall include the channel-forming apparatus, the apparatus for protection and switching of link lines (channels) and the apparatus for transmission of battle alert signals.


4.6.4. Cabin 5D92P includes spare parts of the apparatus and control fixtures.

4.7. Binding and communication means and means for information transmission.


4.7.1 Liaison and tie-down cabins with PLRK (cabin 5F20E) shall provide:
(a) receiving and displaying target information and control commands coming from the VS system, converting target information into the PLRK coordinate system;
(b) generation and transmission of PLRK combat readiness and combat activity documents to the VS system, as well as receipt of PLRK feedback information on tracked targets and bearings;
(c) joint training of VS system and PLRK combat shifts in target designation mode, as well as autonomous training of PLRK combat shifts.


4.7.2. 5Ja62, SJa63 radio relay stations are multi-channel.


Station 5Ja62 allows communication in two independent directions (24 telephone channels each, 48 channels in total), station 5Ja63 allows communication in three independent directions (24 telephone channels each, 72 channels in total).


Radio relay stations 5Ja62, 5Ja63 can be used in the system to communicate telecode information, to provide operational and command and service radio communication with the superior automated VS, the source of radar information and with controlled plro.


4.7.3 The alarm signalling equipment shall ensure automatic reception and transmission of appropriate alarm signals via communication channels (reception from the higher VS with transmission of acknowledgement, transmission to the controlled plro with receipt of acknowledgement from them).


The apparatus provides a maximum of 20 directions for receiving and transmitting the battle alarm signals.


The receivers and transmitters of the alarm signalling apparatus are located in cabins 5C34 and 5D97-A. PU-10 control panels (2 sets) are located in cabin 5C32, PU-2 control panel (1 set) is located in cabin 5D98.


There are horns in all cabs, and sirens in cabs 5C34, 5D97-A, 5E88 and 5E87M.


An alarm set with horn and siren is also in cabins 5F20E.

4.8. 5S99E system power supply


4.8.1 The automated command post 5S99 is powered from its own power supply (main and backup EDS with 100 kW each) or from the public grid. The electrical power supplies for each of cabins 5C31 and 5D91 are operated by a senior engineer electrician and an engineer electrician.


4.8.2 Cabin 5F20E is powered from PLRK power supplies, radio relay stations 5Ja62 and 5Ja63 are powered from their own power supplies or from the public mains.

5. SECURITY OF RADIOLOCATION INFORMATION SYSTEM


5.1. Sources of radar information


The sources of radar information for the 5S99E system are as follows:
(a) A radar information processing site (cabin 5D91) with attached VP-02M and VP-01M low-altitude radar sites of the "Vozduch-1M" system, as well as other types of radar sites (maximum 5 sites of different types in any composition);
(b) command post of the air defence bundle, equipped with the "Vozduch-1M" automation apparatus (via cabin 5D91);
c) one radar station VP-02M with attached small-size VP-01M stations (max. three VP-01M stations).


In addition, the VS system can use the alert information displayed on the PDVO board and entered into the computer from the RM-IV workstation.


To clarify the air situation and to ensure the safety of fighter aircraft flights in the area of operation of the plrb, the VS system may use initial radar information from the connected radar (radar complex).
The content of the radar information provided to the VS system for different variants of combat use of the system is specified in Subpart 6 of this Regulation.


5.2. Coordinate conversion


The radar information is processed in the system in a spatial rectangular coordinate system, referenced to the agreed VS system position point.


For all used sources of radar information the orientation according to the actual (geographical) meridian is determined. The positive direction of the X-axis corresponds to the north direction, the positive direction of the Z-axis corresponds to the east direction and the Y-axis points upwards.


The automatic recalculation of the coordinates is carried out on the VS system, which proceeds from cabin 5D91 to the agreed VS position point. At the same time, the automatic recalculation of the coordinates is carried out, which are transmitted to the position points of the information users except PLRK (the coordinates to the position points of these PLRK are recalculated in cabin 5F20E).


When radar information is received from the 5D91 cabin, the agreed VS system position point is considered to be the position of one of the VP-02M stations connected to the 5D91 cabin, namely the station that is the source of the system's bearing information on the active jammer.


When radar information is received from one VP-02M station, the position of that station is considered to be the agreed VS system position point.


The specifics of the display of radar information on ARM indicator screens are given in Annex 1 to this Regulation.


5.3. Receipt of initial RLI


The VS system shall provide for the reception (via SM-M and 3PS coupling boxes) and display of primary radar information on ARM indicator screens from one of the following sources:
(a) 1RL-113 radar (via 1RL-52 coupler);
(b) 5N84 radar;
(c) 5N87E radar complex.


The SM-M and SPS cabinets shall be located in a hardened building within 35 m of the 5C32 cabin.


The remote control console located in the 5C32 cabin shall also be used to receive initial information.


The 1RL-52 apparatus, which is used in the 1RL-113 radar arrangement, shall be located in a hardened building within 50 m of the SM-M and SPS cabinets. 1RL-52 equipment is not part of the 5S99E system and 1RL-113 radar set.


The 1RL-52 apparatus cabin, which is used in conjunction with the 5N84 radar, shall be located within 50 m of the SM-M and 3PS cabinets (the cabin is part of the 5N84 radar set).


Maximum distance from VS system:
- 1RL-113 and 5N84 radar - 1000 m;
- radar complex 5N87E - 300 m.

The location of the primary RLI source with the VS coordinate system 5S99E can be reconciled by shifting the origin of the ARM time base indicators to a distance of up to +90 km in the X and Z axis.


The specifics of the display of the primary RLI on the ARM indicator screens are given in Annex 1 to this Regulation.

6. COMBAT USE OF THE SYSTEM


6.1. 5S99E Combat Use Variants


An anti-aircraft missile brigade equipped with the 5S99E system and NS mounted on a VS plrb can Test combat activity:
(a) In a formation of air defence units equipped with the automatic command system (ASV) "Vozduch-1M";
(b) in the assembly of air defence bundles with non-automated VS and automated RLI sources.


6.2. Combat use of the 5S99E system in the assembly of a PVO bundle equipped with the "Vozduch-1M" ASV


The VS of the 5S99E system is fed:
- information about the air situation from the 5D91 station with the attached radar stations of the "Vozduch-1M" system (VP-02M, VP-01M);
- information on the air situation and orders for combat operations from the VS of the PVO bundle (VS of the "Vozduch-1M" system), transmitted by the 5D91 station.


The following information is transmitted from the VS system to the 5D91 station:
- documents on combat readiness and combat activity of the platoon and also documents on combat activity of the NS (for automatic transfer to the VS of the 'Vozduch-1M' system);
- alert information (according to PDVO planchette data), and also data on departing and lost fighter aircraft (for their automatic transmission to the attached VP-02M and VP-01M radar stations).


From the 5D91 station on the VS system 5S99E comes:
- Information on a maximum of 40 airborne objects (including 6 active jammers, tracked by triangulation method) and 10 numbered directives to active jammers;
- orders for combat plrb activity, transmitted by station 5D91 from VS TS;
- NS combat orders, transmitted by station 5D91.

The documents on combat readiness of plrb are compiled on VS system 5S99E and automatically transmitted to VS system "Vozduch-1M" (via station 5D91).


The VS of the 5S99E system checks the possibility of firing targets assigned by the command post of the "Vozduch-1M" plrb system and the distribution of targets to subordinate plros.


A target remains assigned to a plrb if its flight parameters -and time span- meet the conditions of drafting for at least one of the subordinate plros.


Otherwise, the VS of the 5S9SE system automatically compiles and transmits to the VS of the "Vozduch-1M" system (via the 5D91 station) the document "Activity on target not possible (Dějstvije po celi něvozmožno)" (target rejection).


The principles of automated platoon command from the 5S99E VS system are described in Chapters 7 and 8 of this Regulation.


In order to ensure automated interaction of the VS of the system with the VS of one of the neighbouring 5S99E or 5N35E systems, automatic exchange (communication) of information (via the 5D91 station) on the activity of fire assets on targets whose routes are simultaneously transmitted to the interaction VS is possible.

6.3. Combat use of the 5S99E system when using plrb with KS in a PVO bundle with non-automated YS and automated radar information sources


When using the 5S99E system in a PVO bundle assembly with non-automated VS, the sources are RLI:
- 5D91 station with attached radar stations of the "Vozduch-1M" system, or other types of radar stations (max. 5 radar stations of different types in any assembly);
- one VP-02M site with attached VP-01M sites (max. 3 VP-01M sites).


When controlling the NS from the VS of the PVO bundle, the following information comes from the automated RLI source for the plrb and NS on the information input:
- from station 5D91 - information about max. 40 airborne objects (including max. 6 active jammers, monitored by triangulation method) and about 10 numbered directives according to active jammers;
- from VP-02M (with three VP-01M) - information on max. 30 airborne objects, including max. 10 numbered directives per active jammers.


When commanding (5S99E system) from a non-automated VS of a PVO bundle, the tasks for conducting combat operations are transmitted according to the alert information displayed on the PDVO planchette in a non-automated manner.


Direct command of the plro from the VS plrb and guidance of fighter aircraft from the NS is carried out according to the radar information from one of the above mentioned automated RLI sources.


When receiving a combat mission from a non-automated VS of the PVO bundle, the VS 5S99E combat shift agrees the targets displayed on the PDVO planchette and ARM indicator screens, and distributes the targets to the subordinate plros, respecting the computer suggestions.


After automatic or manual target assignment to the plro, target data (automatic) and control commands (automated) are transmitted from the VS 5S99E system to the corresponding PLRK.


Evidence of combat readiness and combat activity of the plro, as well as feedback information on tracked targets and directives to active jammers, is passed from the PLRK to the VS system in an automated manner.


The combat readiness and combat activity documents of the plrb are transmitted to the VS of the air defence system by telephone.


When controlling the NS of the 5S99E system from a non-automated VS of the PVO bundle, the combat shift of the NS, after receipt of the order for guidance, RTV target number, take-off and landing airfield, type of fighter aircraft, equipment of the on-board apparatus and guidance line, solves the airborne calculations by computer and documents the results of the solution by telephone to the VS of the PVO bundle.
According to the results of the airborne calculations, the VS of the PVO bundle shall issue the fighter aircraft take-off command.


After the RLI source has detected the airborne aircraft, displayed its information on the ARM indicator screens and assigned the target (introduced into the guidance channel), the fighter aircraft is automatically guided.


Evidence of NS combat activity is transmitted to the VS of the PVO bundle by telephone.
The automated interaction of the VS of the 5S99E system with the VS of the adjacent 5S9IE or 5N35E systems (*FCH note: I have no idea what these systems are, I have no data about them) is provided by communication by telecode of information about the effect of fire assets on targets, whose routes are simultaneously transmitted to the interaction VS.

7. PRINCIPLES OF AUTOMATED COMMAND OF ANTI-RAKET ROCKET COMPANIES


7.1. General principles


7.1.1 The 5S99E system apparatus allows automated command of a mixed platoon based on target and directional information on an active jammer, as well as coordination of independent platoon combat operations when operating in autonomous mode.


The basis of automated plato command from the 5S99E VS system is the automatic assignment and indication of plato targets, with the possibility of intervention of combat shift members in the target assignment process.


The following general principles of automated platoon command are implemented in the system:
(a) development of target allocation proposals that have passed the target allocation threshold by computer with display of the proposals on ARM indicators operating under the ICR indicator program;
(b) automatic allocation of targets that have passed the automatic allocation threshold with transmission of PLRK target information and display of the target allocation reality on ARM indicators operating under the IKO-1 overview indicator and ICR indicator programmes;
(c) considering the possibility of anti-missile manoeuvre of targets in the areas of effective PLRK coverage;
(d) consideration of plume jamming;
(e) development of proposals for the computerised allocation of guiderails (selection of plros for guideline-based operations) with display of the proposals on ARM indicators operating under the ICR indicator programme;
(f) automatic designation of plro for directional operation with transmission of PLRK directional information and display of the fact of directional allocation on ARM indicators working according to the IKO-1 overview indicator and ICR indicator programmes;
(g) The possibility of assigning plros to targets and directionals manually (by VS plro combat shift members) while accepting computer suggestions;
(h) Priority of decisions by VS system combat shift members over computer suggestions;
(i) Use of PLR feedback on tracked targets and directives to the VS system;
(j) the possibility of designating controlled plros for backup;
(k) Prohibition of automatic assignment of plro designators when proposing to designate a plro to destroy "uncovered targets" in the proposal acceptance area bounded by the prohibition boundary for both automatic PL1K designation and activity per designator (AZP);
(1) Prohibition of automatic assignment of targets and platoon markers to plros conducting independent combat operations in autonomous mode or to plros designated for ambush;
(m) Coordination of independent combat activities of plros when operating in autonomous mode.


7.1.2 The following boundaries are used in the VS algorithms of the 5S99E system when solving automated plro command tasks:


(a) the target allocation boundary (the boundary of the beginning of the development of computer proposals for target allocation) shall be selected at a distance of one to two maximum firing cycles from the outer boundary of the area of effective PLRO operation.
The required target allocation boundary distance is set by introducing a factor Δ1 from the PK-1 ARM console, which can be varied in increments of 0,1 from 1 (min. distance) to 2 (max. distance) .
If the coefficient Δ1 is not entered, the boundary is automatically set to the distance of two maximum firing cycles from the outer boundary of the PLRK effective area of operation;


(b) the AZP prohibition boundary (the boundary of the prohibition of the automatic allocation of plro designators when a plro is proposed to be assigned to a target) shall be selected at a distance of one to two maximum firing cycles from the outer boundary of the effective area of operation of the PLRK.
If detected targets are proposed to a given plro (within the proposal acceptance area), automatic allocation of a direction finder shall not take place (priority of detected targets), but manual allocation of a direction finder may be performed.
When determining the possibilities of automatically designating a plro to act on a directive, the target proposal consideration space is limited at the top by the AZP prohibition boundary and at the bottom by the internal boundary of automatic plro target designation.
The required distance of the AZP prohibition boundary is set by introducing a coefficient Δ2 from the PK-1 ARM console, the size of which can be changed in steps of 0.1 from 1 (min. distance) to 2 (max. distance).
If the coefficient Δ2 is not introduced, the AZP prohibition is not implemented;


(c) the automatic plro target designation limit (PLRK automatic target designation limit) shall be selected at a distance that ensures the destruction of the target within the area of effective PLRK coverage.
The required distance of the automatic allocation boundary is set by a loading coefficient Δ3 from the PK-1 ARM console, the size of which can be varied in steps of 0,1 between O (outer automatic allocation boundary, which is at the distance of the maximum firing cycle from the outer boundary of the PLRK area of effect) and 1 (inner automatic allocation boundary, which is at the distance of the minimum firing cycle from the inner boundary of the PLRK area of effect).
If the coefficient Δ3 is not introduced, the outer boundary is automatically set;


(d) the boundaries (boundary points) of the plro control in operation according to the boundary directives (points on the lines of the directives) within the range of which control is provided according to the information on the directives.


7.1.3 A combat shift may establish the following platoon control boundaries in operation by direction lines from the PK-1 ARM console numbers 1, 2 and 6 within a range of 40 to 240 km:


(a) A common CRP (directional distribution) boundary for all plros and directionals - rn spol. (rn obšč.), which determines the minimum horizontal distance of the start of a PLRK search by directionals (if not introduced, the boundary is automatically set to a distance of 30 km);


(b) the CRP (directional split) boundary for a given bearing - r0 aut. (r0 avt.) defining the horizontal distance of the start of the specified PLRK search section by direction (if not introduced, the common CRP boundary is automatically set to distance);

(c) the initial CUP boundary (given by the directives) for a given plro - rn pk (rn ok), specifying the horizontal distance of the start of the specified PLRK search segment by the directive (if not introduced, it is set automatically at the distance of the common CRP boundary);


(d) the final CUP boundary (indicating the directives) for the given plro - rk pk (rk ok), defining the horizontal distance of the end of the PLRK search segment according to the directives (if not introduced, it is automatically set to the maximum distance of the active jammer, calculated by the computer) .


Notes:
1. The plro control boundary distances in directional operation are measured from the source of the directional information (i.e. the contracted VS system position).
2. The full range of horizontal distances over which plros are controlled in directional operation - from 30 km (R min) to 300 km (R max).

7.2. Automated plro command based on target information


Target information (including targets with a triangulation flag) arriving at the VS system from an automated RLI source or information introduced from the RM-IV site (PDVO counter information) is processed by the computer. This information is displayed on ARM indicators operating under the IKO-1 and IKO-2 overview indicator programs.


The specifics of the display of the information on the ARM indicator screens are given in Annex 1 to this Regulation.


The computer processes proposals for the allocation of those targets that cross the CR boundary (allocation of plro targets). Only combat-capable PLRs are included in the target allocation.


The target allocation proposals are made according to the minimum standard arrival time of the targets to the plro, taking into account the possibility of shooting the targets depending on the flight parameters, the time characteristics of the PLSK activity, the possibility of anti-missile manoeuvre of the targets and the interference of the PLRK.


Note: The standard target-to-plro arrival time is the sum of the target-to-plro arrival time and the time remaining until the PLRK firing cycle on the preceding target is completed. This time is reduced by 60 s (priority value) when a target conducting an anti-missile manoeuvre or a PLRK jamming target is likely to be shot.

A target that can be fired by only one type of PLRK shall have priority in the processing of target assignment proposals and in the automatic assignment of plro targets.


The computer checks for all combat-capable PLRKs the possibility of firing targets depending on the flight parameters (speed, altitude, heading parameter) and on the time reserve.


If targets cannot be shot on arrival, the possibility of shooting the PLRK on departure is checked.


The computer ensures the possibility of an anti-missile manoeuvre (based on the analysis of target characteristics - speed, altitude, number composition and displays the PRM flag (manoeuvre flag) in the target forms.


If the PRM flag is introduced from the PK-1 ARM console, proposals will be processed for targets that can perform an anti-missile manoeuvre, considering the guaranteed PLRK launch areas. Priority in this case is given to those PLRKs that cross the guaranteed launch area of those targets' trajectories.


If the PLRK interference flag is introduced from the PK-1 ARM console, target allocation proposals shall be prepared for active and passive interference conditions with consideration of PLRK effective engagement areas corresponding to the 'Three Point (Three Point)' method of firing (reduced effective engagement areas). Priority will be given to those PLRKs through which the targets' trajectories pass through shortened effective areas.


Drafts are processed every 10 s cycle and displayed on ARM indicator screens operating under the ICR indicator program.


A maximum of 4 plros are proposed to engage a single or group target and these proposals are displayed.


The best suggestion is highlighted by underlining the target form on the ICR indicator in the column of one of the suggested plros.


Automatically, a plro target is assigned when it passes the automatic assignment threshold (automatic target indication) if the following conditions are met:
- computer proposals for target assignment are made;
- no prohibition of automatic target and plro allocation is issued;
- the number of partitions allocated to the target is less than the numerical composition of the target.


The total number of plro's automatically assigned to a target shall be equal to the numerical composition of the target, but shall not be greater than 3 plro's per target.


If no PLRB has a guaranteed area of effective engagement on a target that can perform an anti-missile manoeuvre, two secondary PLRBs with opposite signs of the target's heading parameters shall be automatically designated for firing. In doing so, the moment of target assignment to the second PLRK is selected so that the launch of its missile takes place no later than the moment the missile of the first PLRK collides with the target.


The prohibition of automatic assignment applies:
- for targets for which information has been received from the PDVO console (it is entered into the computer from the RM-IV workstation);
- for targets for which information has been received from the plro (it is plro feedback);
- for targets introduced into the guidance channels.


Furthermore, anti-aircraft missile detachments that have rejected a target or had their designation cancelled by a VS plrb combat shift are not automatically considered for target activity.


In addition, targets are not automatically assigned to those plros conducting independent combat operations in autonomous mode or designated for reserve.


A maximum of 4 plros per individual or group target can be manually assigned (accepting computer suggestions).


If necessary, the combat shift.VS plrb can manually unassign targets.
The automatic or manual assignment of targets is accompanied by automatic transmission of target designation information to the PLRK. PLRKs automatically process the received target data, detect targets, track them, and fire.


The VS system receives feedback from the plro on the coordinates of the tracked targets, which is used to control the plro's combat activity and also to transmit target data to other plros. The coordinate feedback information is converted on the VS system to a rectangular coordinate system and simultaneously converted to the VS position point. Included in the information is the target track numbered "70 + plro number".


The coordinates of the target received from the PLRK are matched with the coordinates of the PLRK target indication transmitted by the VS system. If the coordinates cannot be reconciled (the coordinates are reconciled twice in a row), the PLRK form will start flashing on the ARM indicators working according to the ICR indicator program. In this case, the combat shift may decide as follows:
- Cancel target indication;
- identify the target whose route is being tracked by the plro data with the other target displayed on the ARM indicators;
- assign a relative-autonomy flag to the plro, which will automatically unassign the previously issued target and assign the target whose route is guided by the plro data. The automatic cancellation of the target assignment will take place upon receipt of "Target down (Target down)" or "Reject target (Reject from cell)" documents from the plro.

7.3. Automated plro commanding when operating against small surface-to-air missiles


The PLRO control algorithm implemented in the 5C31 cockpit provides priority processing of information about small-altitude missiles according to the following logic.
The information arriving at the VS system input is compared with the target information previously determined by the algorithm for the given PLRK.


The information advancing with the low-altitude missile flag (Pr _MVR) is considered as the preferred .information only if the target to be compared is missing the Pr [subaa]MVR flag.


If the target being compared has the Pr _MVR flag, both targets will be processed with the same priority according to the criteria applicable to ordinary targets.


If the incoming information is missing the Pr _MVR flag, the compared target with the Pr _MVR[/sizeaa] flag will be considered as the priority.


A target with the Pr _MVR flag is automatically assigned if it passes the auto-assignment threshold, without double confirmation, which is equivalent to processing ordinary targets (i.e. without the Pr [subaa]MVR[/subaa] flag).

7.4. Automated plro commanding according to the information about the directives


The directional information on active jammers that arrives at the 5S99E system VS from the automated RLI source or from the automated VS of the PVO bundle is processed by the computer and displayed on the ARM indicator screens according to the IKO-1 indicator overview program in the form of directionals and their forms.


The specifics of the display of directional information on ARM indicators are given in Annex 1 to this Regulation.


The computer solves the task of automatic allocation of the directives (CRP) and processes proposals for the allocation of plro directives (when proposals are called up by the combat shift, separately for each directive).


Only combat-capable platoons that are not assigned to a target (not in action), not converted to autonomous mode of operation (to conduct independent combat operations), and not assigned to a reserve are included in the automatic CRP.


The automatic CRP is based on the principle of selecting those plros to operate according to a given guideline that have the best capability of detecting targets ha line of the guideline.


The main criteria for selecting plros to operate according to the guidelines in the system are as follows:
- PLRK type (first the possibility of assigning the PLRK S-75M, then S-125 or S-125M is examined);
- the maximum visibility range of the plro on the bearing line (the part of the bearing line that is within the PLRK survey area). PLRKs with visibility ranges of less than 15 km are not selected for bearing operations;
- minimum search time by bearing;
- the minimum distance from the beginning of the line-of-sight segment to the point of commencement of the search by bearing (boundary point) selected by the combat shift.


The following PLRKs may be automatically selected for direction finding operations:
- at the rate of change of azimuth of the active jammer β = 0 (correctly it should be β with a dot) only those PLRKs which are less than the value of the limiting heading parameter from the horizontal projection of the directional indicator;
- at azimuth rate of change β ≠ 0 (this should be β with a dot) only those PLRKs in whose direction the rudder is rotating and also those PLRKs which are not more than half of the limiting heading parameter from the horizontal projection of the rudder.



The following values of the limiting heading parameter are used for the calculation (P_limit):
- for PLRK S-75U P_mez = 35 km;
- for PLRK S-125 and S-125M P = 16 km.


When automatically selecting PLRK S-125 and S-125M to operate by bearing, only those bearing with a position angle less than 7° and those missing position angle information (in this case a position angle equal to 5° is considered) are examined.


The computer can process a maximum of 3 designs for each indicator.


Proposals for directional markers shall be displayed in the form of a directional marker form on the indicator screens of ARM 2 (Chief of Staff's station) and ARM 6 (Intelligence Chief's station) according to the ICR indicator programme and for only one directional marker at a given ARM station (simultaneous recall of proposals for two or more directional markers is not ensured).


If the computer has not processed proposals for a given directional indicator, that directional indicator will be displayed flashing on the ARM indicator screens operating under the IKO-1 indicator programme.


A direction indicator may be assigned to a plro:
- Automatically (if the automatic directional assignment flag is introduced from the PK-1 ARM console) ;
- manually (by the VS plrb combat shift officers), respecting the computer suggestions for transponder allocation.


A direction finder can be automatically assigned only to those platoons that are not proposed a target in the area of acceptance of proposals and also to those platoons that are not transferred to autonomous mode of operation (to conduct independent combat operations) and are not designated for reserve.


The search by directional search can be performed in two main modes:
- search within the range of visibility of a given PLR by bearing (P1 mode, entered automatically or manually from the PK-1 ARM console Nos 1, 2 and 6)
- searching for PLRKs over the entire range of distances (mode P2, entered manually from the PK-1 ARM console Nos 1, 2 and 6).


After the automatic determination of the plro to operate according to the guideline, only the P1 search mode is implemented, after manual determination the P1 or P2 search modes are implemented.


When manually designating a plro to operate according to a directive, the computer analyses the feasibility of this designation.


Manual determination is only feasible in P1 search mode if the computer calculated visibility range is at least 15 km.


In P2 search mode, the allocation is made independently of the size of the visibility segment.


In addition, plro allocation by bearing is only possible in P1 and P2 search modes if the maximum distance of the active jammer from the source of bearing information (rmax) calculated by the computer is greater than the distance of the boundary point (rn spol., rn pk or Rmin).
rmax - maximum possible distance of the active jammer;
Rmin - minimum range of operation by direction.


When a plro is assigned a directive, a target by directive is automatically fed from the VS system to that plro. The system implements the method "Sliding target assignment by direction (Skolzjacheye CUP)".


The method 'Rolling Indication of Targets by Direction (Skolzyache CUP)' is used in the transmission of target data by direction to the plro. The X, Z, Y coordinates and the velocity components Vx and Vz of the CUP computation point are automatically transmitted from the VS system during the sliding directional targeting and are updated at each cycle of the computer processing the information according to the given directional.


In this way, for a sequential search of the area by the homing radar in the region of the bearing line, the CUP point is moved along the bearing line within the range of the search segment calculated by the computer. The repositioning shall start at the minimum distance.


The CUP forms for PLRK are displayed on ARM indicator screens 1, 2 and 6 according to the IKO-1 survey indicator program.


The size of the range over which FLRK automatically searches by directional indicator depends on the specified search mode (P1 or P2) and also on the specified initial (rn co., r0 aut.) and final (rk) search ranges.
r0 aut. - the distance of the boundary point in the calculation of the suggestions.


If necessary, the cyclic mode of searching by directional lines can be entered from the PK-1 ARM No. 1, 2 and 6. In the cyclic directional search mode, the specified search section is searched multiple times with the condition that the automatic or manual assignment of plro to the directional is confirmed at the beginning of each search cycle as described above.


From the PK-1 ARM 1, 2 and 6 console, the following can be performed during the CUP:
- change the PLR search mode by direction;
- change the size and position of the search segment by bearing;
- manually unassign a plro to a bearing.


CUP transmission to FLRK is interrupted in the following cases:
- when a PLRK target or bearing is detected;
- automatic cancellation of the plro allocation to a bearing (after the search of the specified bearing search segment has been completed);
- manual cancellation of the plro allocation to a bearing;
- on rejection of the target by the plro indicator.


When a target or active jammer is detected (based on a search by direction code) and the target tracking document is forwarded from the plro to the VS system, the plro designation to the direction code is automatically cancelled {without transmitting the command to cancel the designation of the plro target) and the assignment of the target or active jammer with the number "70 + plro no.'" to the plro.


If the search for a plro on a bearing is interrupted due to passing the bearing target point (CUP) given by the maximum range of the active jammer on the bearing (rt > rmax), the reassignment of the plro on the bearing and the search of the specified bearing section will be automatically performed. In doing so, the new CUP start point form will flash for 10 s.
rt - distance to the CUP point.

If the plro assignment to the bearing is not confirmed during a repeat search due to rt > rmax or at the beginning of a given cyclic search cycle, the plro assignment to the bearing will be automatically cancelled and a command will be issued from the VS system to the plro to cancel the destination indication.


When manually cancelling the allocation of an AA missile to a designator, a target indication (CU) cancellation command is passed to that plro from the VS system.


When a target designation is denied by a platoon designator, the platoon's designation to the designator is automatically cancelled and a target designation cancellation command is issued to that platoon from the VS system.


In the event that the homing radar is tracking the active jammer in angular coordinates only, a reverse (non-centralized) bearing is passed from the plro to the VS system and displayed on ARM indicator screens 1, 2, and 6 in accordance with the IKO-1 overview indicator program.


Further decisions are made by the VS plrb combat shift based on an analysis of the air situation and the plro's combat readiness.


These decisions may include:
- Assigning the coordinates of the intersection of a centralized (from the information source) with a non-centralized (from the PLRK) bearing by computer and transferring the indication of the target to this point to the given PLRK to fire the active jammer;
- de-allocation of the PLRK to the active jammer (for further use on other targets and direction finders) and allocation of another PLRK, operating in a frequency band that is not jammed, indicating the initial and final search boundary in the area of the intersection of the centralised and non-centralised direction finders to the jammer.


The intersection forms of the centralised and non-centralised direction indicator shall be displayed on AHM indicator screens 1, 2 and 6 according to the IKO-1 overview indicator programme.


If a target detected and tracked by the PLRK becomes a jammer, information about the jammer will be automatically processed and displayed on the VS system as a target with PLRK coordinate output. In doing so, the continuous rose data from the PLRK and the altitude value previously calculated by the computer from the target information are used.

7.5. Coordination of independent combat plro operations when operating in autonomous mode


To increase the effectiveness of plrb combat operations in jamming conditions and in the event of the sudden appearance of low-altitude targets, some plros may be converted to autonomous mode to conduct independent combat operations.


When operating in autonomous mode, the plro searches for targets using its own radar reconnaissance assets and according to target data in altitudes and sectors entered from the VS system. Discovered targets are tracked and fired upon.


Information on tracked targets and results of autonomous plro combat activity is automatically transmitted to the VS system.


When necessary, targets tracked by the plro in autonomous mode of operation are identified on the VS system with targets displayed on ARM indicator screens by other sources of information.


In addition, the VS system allows:
a) prohibiting the firing of missiles by autonomously operating plros;
b) deassigning plros that are operating in autonomous mode to a target or directional;
c) transferring plros from autonomous mode to centralized command mode from the VS system 5S99E.

8. PRINCIPLES OF AUTOMATED SETTING OF STORAGE FLYERS


8.1. Solution of flight problems


Fighter aircraft can be guided from the 5S99E NS system in non-jamming conditions in the "Ground Surveillance (Aerodrome Surveillance)" mode or in the "Overflight (Air Surveillance)(Barazirrovanie (Aerodrome Surveillance))" mode.


Guidance to active jammers is only possible in the "Airborne Surveillance (Airborne Surveillance)" mode due to the limited triangulation depth.


When fighter aircraft are guided in the "Aerodrome Ground Attack" mode, the take-off is controlled from the guidance station (determination of the moment of engine start and fighter aircraft take-off) according to the results of the airborne tasks.


The airborne alerting is automated. During the guidance of fighter aircraft in the 'Airborne Surveillance' mode, no aeronautical tasks are solved and the guidance process itself does not differ from the guidance in the 'Ground Surveillance' mode.


Aeronautical tasks are solved automatically on the VS system by alert information displayed on the PDVO console and entered from the RM-IV workstation into the computer, or by radar information transmitted to the VS system from one of the automated sources listed in Subpart 5 of this Regulation.


Airborne tasks are solved according to the criterion of minimum penetration of the target into the defence depth. The criterion is based on the assumption of straight and level flight of the target.


Depending on the type of fighter aircraft, the take-off airport, the hemisphere of approach, the target number and other data entered into the computer, as well as the target flight parameters, a group of climb programs (PNV) is automatically selected and for each group of PNV programs the path of the fighter aircraft intended for the given target and the overflow line are calculated.


The computer selects the climb program that ensures minimum penetration of the target to the depth of the defence. For this program, the range of possible ambush lines is automatically determined and displayed. Within this range, the NS combat shift selects an ambush line and enters it from the FK-2 ARM console into the computer (if not entered, the ambush line closest to the target is automatically selected).


A maximum of three fighter aircraft can be assigned to one target.


The engine start times and fighter take-off times are calculated by the computer based on the guidance time and fuel quantity (when considering return to the specified aerodrome for landing). The course of departure from the aerodrome is determined according to the selected guidance path.


The results of the airborne tasks (§Z) (engine start time, takeoff time, climb program number, overflow line, departure course, etc.) are displayed on the NS combat shift ARM indicator screens and are transmitted to the VS of the PVO volume by automated means or by telephone (to the non-automated VS of the PVO volume) for the final decision on fighter takeoff.


The specifics of the display of information on the ARM indicator screens are given in Annex 1 to this Regulation.


After the airborne tasks have been solved and after take-off, the fighter aircraft is guided to the target.

8.2. Guiding fighter aircraft to target


Fighter aircraft take-off commands are transmitted from the VS to the PVO unit. The fighter aircraft executes the flight task according to the selected climb programme and the departure course from the aerodrome.


As the fighter aircraft does not appear in the radar field for a certain period of time immediately after take-off, the NS solves the task of extrapolating the aircraft's flight path and issues a fix (target indication) to the radar information source to detect the fighter aircraft.


After detection by the RLI source, the fighter aircraft is manually intercepted by the NS combat shift in the homing channel. In doing so, information about the fighter aircraft is automatically fed into the homing channel.


From this point on, the fighter aircraft is automatically guided.


Guidance commands are automatically transmitted to the aircraft.

The aircraft is guided both vertically and horizontally.


Both fighter flight modes at a specified altitude (approach altitude or reference altitude) and fighter flight modes "By Approach (After Half-Slope)" are used to guide the aircraft in the vertical plane, which assume that the aircraft is guided to the practical approach altitude followed by a descent to the target's approach altitude.


Vertical guidance is accomplished in two stages: the programmed flight of the fighter aircraft and to the runway altitude (descent or steep climb).


Program flight for both the specified altitude and approach flight modes involves the pilot completing a specified climb and speed program and ascending to the approach altitude when the specified distance from the overflow line is reached.


The climb programmes are divided into 4 groups depending on the final airspeed Vsk (for example, for the MiG-21 aircraft Vsk = 0.9 M; 1.2 M; 1.6 M and 1.9 M). In each group there are a maximum of two climb programmes (cruise, forward), which differ from each other in mean airspeed.


When manoeuvring the target at speed and altitude in the guidance process, automatic change of climb and airspeed programmes is provided. The combat shift identifies the target maneuver, determines the necessity and timing of the change in climb and airspeed programs. The selection of the new program is made automatically depending on the characteristics of the aircraft on the acceleration (braking) sections to the new programmed speed.


The following guidance methods are used to guide the aeroplane in the horizontal plane: 'Manoeuvre', 'Direct overflight' and 'Dohon (Pogonja)'.


Manoeuvre' is considered to be the main guidance method in the horizontal plane.


When using the Maneuver method, the fighter's guidance path is shaped to meet the requirements of the climb programme and the combination of the long-range guidance and self-guidance stages.


The manoeuvre guidance path consists of the following elements:
(a) A straight flight segment of the aeroplane to the point of turn initiation;
(b) a turn segment with a radius that provides for the guidance of the interceptor into the rear or forward hemisphere of the target at the specified angle of attack;
(c) the actual convergence segment, in which the target is sought and detected by radar targeting and the target run-up is performed.


The manoeuvre method ensures that the aeroplane is brought to the most favourable position with respect to the target for the approach. This position is characterised by the angle of encounter with the target, range and descent (elevation) relative to the target and is dependent on the aerodynamic characteristics of the aircraft, its armament, the ratio of target and aircraft speeds and the target's altitude of flight.


In this way, the "Manoeuvre" guidance method provides for bringing the aircraft to the target with the specified angle of encounter (rate of descent) and ends with bringing the aircraft to the last section of direct approach to the target, when an automatic transition to the "Direct Overflight (Prjamoj perechvat)" method is performed.


The "Manoeuvre" method is selected automatically.


When using the 'Direct Overflight' method, the aircraft is guided by the shortest path to the advance point, ensuring minimum flight time and low kinematic overload. However, this does not ensure that the aircraft is brought to the target at the specified angle of encounter (the angle of encounter depends on the relative position of the target and the fighter aircraft).


The "Direct Overflight (Pryamoj perechvat)" method is used as the main method for fighter aircraft with any radius and also on the straight-line section of the "Maneuver" guidance method after the fighter is brought out of the basic turn (the transition is automatic).


When using the "Finish (Pogonja)" method, the aircraft is guided to the point of immediate target position. The determined course of the aircraft is identical to the "aircraft-target" direction and does not depend on the speed and direction of movement of the target. The calculation of the overflight line is based on the relative position of the aircraft and the target and the ratio of their velocities.


The "Dohoň (Pogonja)* method is the simplest, but it does not provide guidance at the specified angle of incidence and may cause large kinematic overloads.

The "Pogonja" method is used when other guidance methods are unstable. The 'Pogonja' method is introduced manually by the combat shift during the homing process.


In the final stage of the indicated, after the fighter aircraft has reached the target range, the following data starts to be automatically transmitted to the aircraft's on-board apparatus:
(a) when the aeroplane is equipped with the "Lazur" device - single target distances from the aeroplane, the position of the target in relation to the fighter aeroplane ("target from the right" or "target from the left");
(b) when equipped with the 'Lazur-M' - azimuth, position angle and single target distances from the aeroplane.


After the target is detected and intercepted by the radar seeker, the fighter aircraft's self-guidance stage is automatically duplicated.


The system's guidance station allows measures to be taken to compensate for the target's manoeuvres.


The course maneuver is automatically detected and compensated for by having the computer determine the specified fighter course in each 10 s cycle of solving the guidance problem.


Guidance pilots are responsible for detecting the altitude and speed maneuver. These manoeuvres are compensated by intervention in the computer solution of the homing task by introducing the flag "General correction (Obshchaya korrekcija)" for the following change of the PNV program and the homing path parameters.


If the altitude and speed of the target exceeds the range of combat use of the given type of aircraft, and also in case of insufficient fuel to return the aircraft to the landing site, the document 'Guidance not possible (Navedenie nevozmožno)' is automatically issued from the NS of the 5S99E system to the VS of the PVO bundle.


The system allows for automated change of targets for the aircraft and also automated receipt and transfer of guidance between the NS system and the automated TS of the PVO volume.


The decision to transfer guidance and change targets is made by the VS of the PVO bundle.

8.3. Aircraft brought to the aerodrome landing


The task of bringing the fighter to the landing area of the aerodrome is also re-Sena in two planes: in the horizontal plane the course to the aerodrome is selected, in the vertical plane the commands to bring the fighter to the reference altitudes are selected.


The aeroplane is brought into the landing area by the method of 'Direct Overflight (Prjamoj perechvat)'.


The induction track is established in the horizontal plane without regard to the landing course and the required descent to a given altitude. The aeroplane is guided to the landing course by airport landing aids.

Annex 1


Display of information on indicator screens of automated workstations of VS system 5S99E


1. Brief characteristics of the automated workstation display apparatus (ARM)


The ARM display apparatus can be used in the following functions:


(a) an overview indicator (IKO), which displays the combat formation of the group, secondary radar information on the air situation, combat orders from the superior automated VS, plro control and fighter guidance characteristics, as well as the combat results of the controlled assets (plros, fighters) ;


(b) the target allocation indicator (ICR), which displays the assigned and proposed targets and designators, as well as information on combat readiness and combat activity of controlled plros;


(c) an initial radar information indicator.


The following four programmes shall be displayed on automated sites:
- IKO-1 - the first program of the overview indicator (it is usually used on ARM No. 1 of the plrb commander, and also on ARM No. 6 if the brigade intelligence chief works on this ARM);
- IKO-2 - second overview indicator program (used on ARMs 3, 4, and 5 of the senior platoon leader and the guidance flight chief);
- ICR - plro target distribution indicator program (normally used on ARM No. 2 of the chief of staff and ARM No. 6 of the intelligence chief);
- PI - primary airborne radar information display program (may be used on any ARM);


Note: The IKO-1 overview indicator program may also be used on ARM Nos. 2 and 6; the ICR indicator program may be used on ARM No. 1.

The ARM indicator screen is covered by a clear glass with two engraved images. One screen is for the IKO-1 and IKO-2 overview indicator display program and the other screen is for the ICR indicator program.


The engraved panel for the IKO-1 and IKO-2 overview indicator program consists of a set of radial lines (15° from the centre of the screen) and concentric circles.
The engraved pattern for the ICR indicator program is in the form of 18 columns, used in the display of the plro control information (the number of occupied columns is equal to the number of controlled plros).


The pattern corresponding to the selected program is backlit.

2. Peculiarities of information display according to IKO-1, IKO-2 and ICR indicator programs


The information is displayed on the ARM indicator screens operating under the IKO-1, IKO-2 and ICR indicator programs in the form of ground and air targets, fighter flight paths, overflow lines, active jammer directionals and tables.


According to the IKO-1 overview indicator program, the ARM indicator screens display:
- RLI automated source deployment location forms (site 5091);
- PLRK controlled deployment site forms - max. 17;
- airport deployment site forms - max. 3;
- target and fighter aircraft forms and active jammer directives based on automated RLI source information - max 50;
- airborne object forms entered into the computer from the RM-IV workstation - max 14;
- target forms and directives to active jammers according to plro feedback - max 17;
- target point forms according to directives;
- forms of intersections of central and non-central directives;
- extrapolated take-off or lost aircraft forms (until discovered by the RLI source);
- overflow line forms - max. 6;
- RTV table;
- plro control characteristics table;
- combat activity table (express-information table).


According to the ICR indicator program, the following is displayed:
- plro forms - max. 17;
- forms of objectives and guidelines assigned and recommended to plro;
- plro feedback target forms;
- forms for additional information on guidelines.


Under the IKO-2 overview indicator program, the forms and tables listed for the IKO-1 overview indicator program are displayed (except, directive information, plro feedback target forms, characteristics table, and combat activity table).
In addition, the following are displayed under the IKO-2 overview indicator program:
- Damming area forms - max. 6;
- fighter flight tracks - max. 6;
- guidance table;
- guidance parameters table;
- cursor.


Forms consist of one or several lines. Multi-line forms where all lines are displayed are called full forms, the others are called abbreviated forms.


Aerial target forms have course lines (course vectors). The heading line starts in the upper left corner of the target form, at the point corresponding to the target position.


The double extension of the heading line highlights the extrapolation of the air target coordinates when processing the information on the VS system.


The information is displayed on the ARM indicator screens according to the ICR indicator program as follows:
- at the top of the screen, in the columns of the corresponding plro, the forms of assigned and proposed targets are displayed at specific distances, from the horizontal axis of the screen, corresponding to the arrival time of the target to the inner boundary of the effective area of fire on arrival, or to the outer boundary of the effective area of fire on departure. Target forms shall also be displayed, according to the plro information, at fixed fixed ranges (when the plro is in centralised command) or at ranges corresponding to the arrival time (when the plro is operating in autonomous mode);
- plro forms shall be displayed in plro columns on the horizontal axis of the screen;
- in the lower half of the screen, the columns corresponding to each plro shall display the forms of the assigned and proposed directives at such distances from the horizontal axis of the screen as correspond to the size of the search segment per directive;
- at the bottom of the screen, at the base of the plro columns, the recalled forms shall display additional information on the allocated and proposed signposts.


The information by indicator programs IKO-1, IKO-2 and 1CR is displayed in one of 4 scales - 1 : 1, 2 : 1, 4 : 1 and 8 : 1.


For the IKO-1 and IKO-2 overview indicator display programmes, the screen radius of the ARM indicator corresponds to a 1 : 1 scale of 1600 km, a 2 : 1 scale of 800 km, a 4 : 1 scale of 400 km and a 8 : 1 scale of 200 km.


For the ICR indicator programme, a scale of 1 : 1 corresponds to an arrival time of 800 s, a scale of 2 : 1 400 s, a scale of 4 : 1 200 s and a scale of 8 : 1 100 s.


The dimensions of the displayed characters, forms, tables and the length of the central non-normalised guideline bars shall not change with a change of scale.


Information on ARM indicator screens may be displayed brightly or dimly (with less brightness), steadily or with flashing.


Control forms may be called up on the ARM indicator screens instead of the basic information shown.


A brief description of the displayed forms, routes, lines, indicators and tables is given in section 4 of this Annex.


The form and content of the forms and tables are given in the original Soviet documentation TJul 600 064-2 TOT/ss.

4. Characteristics of displayed forms, routes, signposts and tables


4.1. Ground object forms


4.1.1 Ground object deployment site forms (5D91 sites, plro, airfields) contain a maximum of 2 character positions which are displayed clearly on ARM indicator screens in accordance with the IKO-1 and IKO-2 overview indicator program.


4.1.3 Plro forms are displayed according to the ICR indicator programme and are three lines (4 character positions per line). The third line of the form is displayed when issuing a directional to the plro and when designating the plro as a duplicating asset on a manoeuvring target.


Plro forms are displayed with the following brightness levels:
(a) bright (when the plro is occupied);
(b) dim (when the plro is clear);
(c) dim with flashing (when the assigned target is rejected by the plro); (d) clear with flashing in case of mismatch between direct information (from the VS plrb) and return target information (from the plro).


If the flag "Undefendable (Undefended)" is issued from a plro, the form of that plro is removed from view.

4.2. Objective forms


4.2.1 Target forms are two-line (4 character positions in each line).


The second line is displayed when called.


When displayed by the IKO-1 and IKO-2 Overview Indicator Programmes, the target forms contain the course lines on the ARM indicator screens. The course lines may be missing near the edge of the screen for "outbound" targets.


The columns corresponding to the plro are displayed on the ARM indicator screens according to the ICR indicator program:
(a) assigned target forms (highlighted by underlining the first character position in the first line of the target form);
(b) proposed target forms (the most favourable proposal is highlighted by underlining the first character position in the first line of the target form).


4.2.2 According to the IKO-1 and ICR indicator programmes, the objective forms are displayed with the following brightness mode:
(a) Clear when the target is outside the target allocation range (CR), but not excluding the target from entering this range, or when the target is within the CR and the total number of organized and possible allocations is at least equal to the target's numerical composition;
(b) clear with blinking when the target cannot enter the CR space or when the target is in the CR space but the total number of organised and possible allocations is less than the target's numerical composition (only in the IKO-1 indicator programme);
c) opaque if the target is allocated and the number of organised allocations matches the target's numerical setup.


4.2.3 Under the IKO-2 overview indicator programme, the target forms are displayed with the following brightness:
(a) At ARM sites 1, 2, and 6, all target forms that are not allocated are clearly displayed (target forms allocated plro or introduced into the guidance channel are displayed dimly);
(b) At ARM site 3 (senior air traffic controller), target forms that are introduced into the guidance channels shall be clearly displayed (other target forms shall be dimly displayed);
(c) ARM sites 4 and 5 (guidance ducts) shall clearly display the target forms introduced into the guidance ducts (other target forms shall be dimly displayed).


When the OGP flag (nationality determination) is changed, the heading line in the form of the target introduced into the channel indicated flashes.


4.2.4. Target forms according to plro feedback are displayed on ARM indicator screens 1, 2 and 6 according to the IKO-1 and IC3 indicator programmes in the case of receipt of the documents 'Target I am following (Target of co-request)' from plro and pressing the GENERAL CALL (CALL BACK) button on the ARM (when displayed according to the ICR indicator programme, the first character position in the first line of the form is underlined).

4.3. Forms and routes of fighter aircraft. Overflight line forms

4.3.1 Fighter aircraft forms are double line (3 character positions in the first line, 4 character positions in the second line). The second line is displayed when invoked by the combat shift officer.


The fighter forms contain course lines, which may be missing at the edge of the screen for "departing" fighters.


Fighter forms are displayed according to the IKO-1 and IKO-2 overview indicator programs with the following brightness levels:
(a) At ARM sites 1, 2, and 6, all fighter forms are displayed brightly according to the IKO-1 overview indicator program;
(b) At ARM site 3 (senior flight director), all fighter aircraft forms shall be displayed clearly in accordance with the IKO-2 overview indicator programme;
(c) at ARM sites 4 and 5 (guidance channels), fighter aircraft forms introduced into their guidance channels are clearly displayed according to the IKO-2 overview indicator programme (fighter aircraft forms not introduced into guidance channels are displayed dimly).


Forms of fictitious (extrapolated take-off) or lost fighter aircraft differ from those of real fighter aircraft by twice as long a course line and numbering (they have numbers 51 to 56).


In the event that a fighter aircraft emits a "Tight (Bedstvije)" signal, the form of fighter aircraft introduced and not introduced into the guidance channel will flash.

4.3.2 Fighter aircraft flight paths (max. 6 paths) are displayed on ARM indicator screens when called up by the combat shift personnel according to the IKO-2 overview indicator program in the form of a clear line with the guidance channel number numerically indicated at the mid-turn point.


4.3.3 Overflow line forms (maximum 6) are single line (4 character spaces) and are displayed on ARM indicator screens per the IKO-1 and IKO-2 overview indicator programs. The degree of brightness is the same as that used to display fighter aircraft forms.


If the fighter aircraft cannot be guided due to lack of time and fuel supply, the overflow line form flashes.


Note: When receiving information about the overflow lines from the VS system "Vozduch-1M" (via station 5D91), the forms of these lines are displayed dimly.

4.4. Directions and their forms


4.4.1 Depending on the RLI automated source, information about numbered directionals on an active jammer proceeding from the RLI automated source is displayed according to the IKO-1 overview indicator program on the ARM indicator screens in the form:
(a) central non-normalized directionals (if the active jammer's distance information is missing in the directional information report);
(b) central normalised directionals (if the directional information report contains active jammer distance information).


When invoked by a combat shift, a central normalised bearing may be displayed instead of a central non-normalised bearing, normalised according to the range of possible active jammer speeds established with the PK-1 ARM (if no range of possible speeds is established, a range of 0,2 to 1,2 km/s is adopted).


4.4.2. The central unnormalised bearing is the line segment that is illuminated on the background of the ARM indicator screen in the radial direction corresponding to the direction to the active jammer (the length of the segment is 1/3 of the screen radius). A heading line form is displayed at the inner end of the indicator (in case of heading plausibility).

4.4.3. The central normalised bearing is the line segment that is illuminated on the ARM indicator screen in the radial direction corresponding to the heading to the active jammer (the length of the segment is 25 km, the centre of the segment is the probable location of the active jammer). A form is located at the outer end of the direction finder.


4.4.4. The central bearing, normalised to the range of possible active jammer speeds, is the line segment that is displayed on the ARM display screen in the radial direction corresponding to the direction to the active jammer (the length of the segment depends on the established active jammer speed range, the centre of the segment corresponds to the probable location of the active jammer). At the outer end of the heading line is a form with a course line (in case of course plausibility).


4.4.5 Directional information to the active jammers coming from the controlled plro is displayed on the ARM indicator screens in the form of non-central directional lines to the active jammers.


A non-central bearing is a line segment starting at the disposition point of the corresponding plro and pointing to the active jammer (the length of the segment is 100 km when receiving a bearing from PLHK S-125M and 150 km when receiving a bearing from PLRK S-75M). The form is displayed at the end of the direction finder.


4.4.6 According to the ICR indicator programme, the following information about the directives is displayed in the plro columns on the ARM indicator screens:
(a) the forms of the directives that are allocated to the plro;
(b) Directional forms that are proposed to be assigned to a plro (when recalled by the combat shift officers);
(c) forms supplementing the information on the directives (when called up by the combat shift).


The directives forms that are displayed on the ARM indicator screens under the IKO-1 and ICR indicator programmes are two-line forms (4 positions per line), the second line being displayed after invocation by the combat shift.
Unassigned directives forms are displayed clearly, assigned directives forms are displayed dimly.
If there are no computer-generated suggestions in the automatic directional assignment mode, or when suggestions are called up by directional number, the forms will be displayed according to the IKO-1 indicator program
direction signs shall be clear with flashing.

The best proposal for a direction indicator allocation is highlighted by underlining the first position of the abbreviated direction indicator form when displayed according to the ICR indicator program.
In addition to the above directional information, the ARM indicator screens also display the central and non-central directional intersection forms and the directional target point forms according to the ICR-1 indicator program.


The central and off-center bearing intersection form is a two-line form (4 character positions on each line), with the second line displayed when called up by the combat shift personnel. The form displays clearly .and has a course line.
Targets identified by the intersection of the central and noncentral directional lines are assigned numbers 71 through 87.


The Bearing Target Point Form is a one-line form consisting of two positions with a Bearing Target Number (CUP) (71 to 87). The CUP is highlighted in the upper left-hand corner of the CUP, corresponding to the intersection of the beam of the homing radar with the bearing line.


The CUP forms are clearly displayed.

4.5. Tables


4.5.1 The Radio Technical Troop (RTV) table is a single line table with 4 character positions that contain a unique target number for the state (RTV number), or the target number in the 5S99E system. The table is displayed clearly on the ARM indicator screens according to the IKO-1 and IKO-2 overview indicator programs (called up separately for each target introduced into the computer from the RM-IV workstation according to the long-range airborne planchette /PDVO/ information).


4.5.2 The plro control characteristics table is single line (16 positions). It contains data on the plro control characteristics that have been entered into the computer. The table is displayed clearly on the ARM indicator screens according to the IKO-1 indicator program when the GENERAL CALL button on the ARM is pressed.


4.5.3 The combat activity table (expes-information table) is a two-line table (16 character positions in each line). It contains the results of plro and fighter combat activity from the time the computer is started until it is reset. The table is displayed clearly on the ARM indicator screens according to the IKO-1 overview indicator program when the GENERAL CALL button is pressed on the ARM indicator screens).


4.5.4 The table of combat tasks coming for NS and VS of the "Vozduch-1M" system (via station 5D91) is six-row, corresponding to 3 guidance channels (2 rows per guidance channel), with 8 character positions in each row.


4.5.5. The guidance table is six lines, corresponding to 6 guidance channels (16 character positions in each line). The table is displayed clearly according to the IKO-2 overview indicator program on the ARM indicator screens when called up by the combat shift personnel.


During the conduct of combat operations, the information in the rows of the guidance table changes according to the progress of fighter guidance tasks (airborne calculations, guidance, and airfield landing).


Instead of the guidance table, the guidance parameters table may be displayed when called up from the ARM workstation.


4.5.6. The guidance parameter table is a six-line table, corresponding to 6 guidance channels (16 character positions in each line). The table is called up to specify the homing parameters, it is displayed according to the IKO-2 indicator program instead of the homing table.


When there is insufficient fuel to return the fighter aircraft to the selected landing aerodrome, after it has been indicated on the calculated line and the run-up has been completed, the 9th to 12th character positions of the corresponding row of the guidance table or parameter table are flashed.


In the event of insufficient fuel to return the fighter aeroplane to the selected landing aerodrome from the instantaneous position, the 13th to 16th character positions of the corresponding row of the indication or parameter table shall flash.


Note: The guidance tables (guidance parameter tables) may be moved to any location on the ARM screen using the cursor.

4.6. Cursor


The cursor is the illuminated point displayed on the ARM indicator screens number 3, 4 and 5 (legacy and guidance flight line sites) in accordance with the IKO-2 overview indicator program. The position of the cursor is entered by two code sensors (in the X and Z axes) from the ARM PK console.


The cursor is used when solving flight guidance calculations, when changing the display location of the guidance table (guidance parameter table) and when entering information into the computer in training mode.



4.7. Control forms


Control forms contain the full range of display characters and are called up from each automated workstation to operationally check the accuracy of the display tract.


To display the control forms, the KF CALL button on the program and automated workstation scale selector must be pressed.


When the control forms are called up, the main information is disconnected from the display.

5. Numbering of displayed targets, fighter aircraft and direction finders


The following numbers are used in the 5S99E system when displaying target, fighter, and direction finder forms on active jammers:
01 through 50 - for targets, fighter aircraft, and directionals, based on information from the automated RLI source;
51 to 56 - for extrapolated departing or lost fighter aircraft corresponding to guidance channels 1 to 6;
57 to 70 - for air targets introduced into the computer from the RM-IV workstation according to PDVO planchette information, or renumbered air targets;
71 to 87 - for targets and directionals according to plro feedback, for central and non-central directional intersection forms and CUP point forms (No. = 70 + No. plro).


Note:
The following targets are automatically renumbered:
- Targets discovered by a PLBK search by directional,
- on receipt of a PLRK rejection of these targets;
- targets assigned to guidance channels (introduced into guidance channels) - on receipt of a loss flag for these targets from the RLI source.

Annex 2


Used designations and abbreviations


AGPD - group data reception equipment (AGPD-M);
AZP - automatic determination of PLRK for activity according to the directive;
APD-PM - apparatus for data transmission by telegraph channels;
APD-RM - apparatus for data transmission by telephone channels;
ARM - automated workplace (ARM-5M);
ASK - equipment for connection to connecting channels (ASK-2M);
ASV - automated command system;
ATD - technical documentation equipment (ATU-2 and ATD-3);
ATO - technical service equipment;
VK - computer system;
VP-01M - small radar station of the system "Vozduch-1M";
VP-02M - radar station of the system "Vozduch-1M";
VPU - portable control panel;
GGS - loud connection;
EDS - generator;
DZU - fixed memory;
ZIP - set of spare parts and devices;
plrb - anti-aircraft missile brigade;
plro - anti - aircraft missile division;
PLRK - anti-aircraft missile complex;
slp - fighter air regiment;
IKO - overview indicator;
ICR - target distribution indicator;
VS - command post;
MVR - paint rocket;
OGP - determination of nationality;
OKS - operational-command connection;
PAP - active jammer
PVI - information entry desk;
PVK - computer system desk;
PVO - air defense;
PDVO - a plane of distant air situation;
PDU - remote control desk;
PI - primary radar information;
PK - command desk;
NS - guidance station;
PNV - climb program;
PORI - Radar Information Processing Station (5D91);
Pr - symptom;
PSU - signaling and control panel (PSU-3);
UVU - remote control panel;
RLI - radar information;
RLK - radar complex;
RLS - radar;
R-844M, R-845M - radio station for sending commands directed to the on-board equipment of the fighter aircraft and for telephone communication of the workplace;
RMGI and N - Workplace of chief engineer and directional staff. at VS PVO volume;
RMOŠ - staff officer's workplace;
RMNS - workplace of the liaison chief;
RLP - radar station;
RMT - workplace cabin technician 5C32;
RMTO - technical service workplace (RUTO-3);
RMCH - workplace of the chemical chief;
ROR - results processing mode;
RTV - radio technical army;
RŠP - distribution power supply box (RŠP-M1 and RŠP-M2);
SM-M - small modernized mixer;
SNR - guidance radar;
SPM - program and scale selector;
SRD - means for recording and documenting;
TKI - telecode information;
UVK - command issuing device;
UPO - program communication device (UPO-M);
USM - binding device with electric typewriter;
FPO - display program shaper (video processor (FPO-M));
CR - division of goals;
CRP - distribution according to guidelines;
CUP - setting goals according to guidelines;
ŠZ - flight role;
ŠPS - signal reception box;
EVM - digital computer;
EPM - electric typewriter;
5D91 - Radar Information Processing Station (PORI);
5E87M, 5E88 - distribution cabin;
5E96 - generator;
5I35,5A74 - power cable set;
5N35E - automated plrb command system with guidance station;
5S99E - automated command system with guidance station;
5F20E - coupling and connection. VS system cabin with PLRK S-75M, S-125 and S-125M;
5F88 - alarm signaling apparatus;
5C31 - 5S99E system command post;
5C32,5D98 - Combat Command Cabin (KBU);
5C33,5E64 - Computer Cab (KVK);
5C34,5D97-A - connecting cabin (KS);
5C35,5D92P - Auxiliary cabin (KVO);
5E63-1,5E63 - digital computer;
5Ja62 - two-way radio relay station;
5Ja63 - three-way radio relay station;
5Ja71 - tone frequency amplifier.

So the previous one is almost everything.


It is almost because in the appendix "PVO-32-18.doc" is my last contribution to this regulation - a complete transcript into one text file.


Last update: 2010/12/06 - 11:43

The information about the semi-trailer is not listed there, after all, you have the opportunity to see the content, I'm just putting it here.


Because I processed the original text using OCR, I am aware of the fact that despite all my efforts to eliminate as many errors as possible, please email me if you find any. It is not in the power of one person to catch them all.


Thanks.


F.