Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf

Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil von Mannerheim - President


(Suomen marsalkka, vapaaherra Carl Gustav Emil von Mannerheim)


(1867 - 1951)




- born 4. June 1867 at Louhisaari Manor in a family of lower Finnish-Swedish nobility, soon lost both parents


- 1881 - as a 14-year-old sent to the Military Academy in Hamina, expelled for disciplinary offences


- 1887 - 1889 - graduated from the Nikolaevsky Riding School in St. Petersburg, then served alternately in Poland and Finland


- 1889 - 1893 - member of Tsarina Maria Feodorovna's cavalry guard in St. Petersburg


- 1894 - 1904 - served alternately in various posts

- 1905 - participated in Russo-Japanese War as an officer of the Nezhinsky Cavalry Regiment. Promoted to colonel for bravery at the Battle of Mukden


- 1906 - 1908 - led a military, diplomatic and scientific expedition to Central Asia and China


- 1911 - promoted to major general, commanded the Tsarist hulans in Poland


- 1914 - 1917 - took part in World War I as commander of a cavalry brigade, the 12th Cavalry Division and finally the 6th Cavalry Army on the Russo-Austrian front, attaining the rank of lieutenant general and receiving Soldier's Cross


- 1918 - January - after the Bolshevik coup, returned to Finland where he was appointed commander of the White Guards, which became the basis for the formation of the regular Finnish army, defeating the Bolshevik uprising


- 7. May 1918 - resigns due to differences with the government and the Senate, goes on diplomatic mission to Paris


- 1919 - 31 May - becomes Regent of Finland, promotes the establishment of a monarchy


- 1919 - 30. July - withdraws from public life after the defeat of his monarchist conception in the elections


- 1929 - rejects the offer of the paramilitary organization Laptua to assume dictatorial powers in the country


- 1931 - becomes chairman of the Defence Council of the Republic of Finland, tries unsuccessfully to reform the armed forces, promotes alliance with France and Sweden, rejects neutrality


- 1933 - promoted to Field Marshal


- 1939 - 30. November - becomes generalissimo of the Finnish army in the so-called Winter War with the USSR


- 1940 - 12 March - Signs an armistice with the USSR after Finland concedes defeat

- 1941 - 25 June - Engages in Operation Barbarossa alongside the Axis powers to reclaim territories lost in the so-called Axis War. Winter War


- 1942 - promoted to Marshal of Finland


- 1944 - after an overwhelming offensive by Soviet troops, Mannerheim offered the USSR an armistice, which was rejected by Stalin. After the victorious battle of 25 June - 9 July in the Tali-Ihantala area, the Soviets agreed to negotiate with Finland on terms acceptable to both sides


- 4 August 1944 - Elected President of the Republic of Finland, abrogated the alliance with Germany and formally declared war on it, opened armistice talks with the USSR


- 4. September 1944 - concluded an armistice with the USSR


- 1946 - 9 March - resigned as President for health reasons, in fact he disagreed with the government's post-war policy and its receptivity to the demands of the USSR


- died 21 January 1951 in Lausanne, Switzerland in exile.


((title edited by RoBoT))

Mannerheim s Ritterkreuzom

zajímavý detail je železný kříž I a II třídy protože oba na sobě mají sponu 1939 za opětovné udělení - což znamená že musel oba stupně obdžet ještě od císaře Viléma - pravděpodobně za to že bojoval s bílými Finy po boku německého expedičního sboru proti Rudým Finům a ruským bolševikům v občanské válce o nezávislost mezi lednem 1918 a koncem WWI.

Maršál Mannerheim opravdu obdržel Železný kříž I. a II. třídy 1914 jako vysoký představitel mladého státu za spolupráci s "baltickou německou divizi". Po ukončení bojů s rudými gardami a ruskými bolševiky vyznamenal příslušníky německé divize řádem Kříže Svobody. Na základě této skutečnosti obdržel tedy jednak maršál, ale i několik finských důstojníků Železný kříž. Maršál byl nositelem Rytířského kříže Železného kříže 1939. Rytířský kříž mohl být udělen jen za předpokladu, že jmenovaný je již nositelem Železného kříže 1939 I. a II.třídy. Maršál také byl nositelem řádu Svatého Jiří, nikoliv kříže Sv. Jiří, který byl určen jako vysoké vyznamenání, ale jen pro vojíny a poddůstojníky ruské armády.


Prameny:
Faleristika - www.valka.cz
Vlastní archiv: Altman
Faleristický časopis Signum Brno.


Upravil - 07.07.2009 - slimo

Suomen Marsalkka Carl Gustav Baron MANNERHEIM (4 Jun 1867 - 28 Jan 1951)

29 Nov 1905: Promoted to Eversti
26 Apr 1911: Promoted to Kenraalimajuri
26 Apr 1917: Promoted to Kenraaliluutnantti
27 Jan 1918: Confirmed as Kenraaliluutnantti in the Finnish Army
7 Mar 1918: Promoted to Ratsuväenkenraali
19 May 1933: Promoted to Sotamarsalkka
4 Jun 1942: Promoted to Suomen Marsalkka


16 Jan 1918 - 29 May 1918: Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, C in C, Isthmus Army, C in C, South East Army
12 Dec 1918 - 27 Jul 1919: Regent of Finland
27 Jul 1919 -20 Mar 1931: Inactive
20 Mar 1931 - 17 Oct 1939: Chairman, Defense Council
17 Oct 1939 - 31 Dec 1944: Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces
4 Aug 1944 - 8 Mar 1946: President of Finland


Principal sources:
Itsenäisen Suomen Kenraalikunta 1918 - 1996: Biografiat, by Matti-Veli Syrjö (published by WSOY, 1996)
Personal archives, Andris J. Kursietis