Nástin organizační historie americké armády v letech 1900-1941

the Origins of the modern american army



In 1899 was appointed by president William McKinley your secretary of war (Secretary of War) Elihu Root, a lawyer with a successful law practice and experience as a federal prosecutor in the southern part of the state New York (For.With. Attorney for the Southern District of New York). Root never served in the armed forces, and yet became the founder of the modern american army. Proved indeed in the years 1900-1903 Congress to push through a whole series of laws that changed its functioning and the system of training officers. Among the main Rootovy credit goes to the founding of the Army college of war (US Army War College), Army schools command and general staff (US Army Command and General Staff School) and the Army general staff (Army General Staff). The functions of the Commanding army general (Commanding General of the Army) is transformed into the function of the chief of general staff (Chief of Staff, U.S. Army). In addition, established the principle that the officers, 've [br] rotated between štábními and field functions.

Together with senator Charles Dick, who was at the same time major general (Major General) in the National guard of the state of Ohio (Ohio National Guard) and the chairman of the senate Committee on the militia (Committee on Militia), pushed through a Law on the militia (Militia Act, the Dick Act), which amended the eponymous law of 1792, which no longer satisfied as the legislative basis for the mobilization, organization, administration and training of the army, which is vividly manifested itself during the Spanish-american war. Taken by the adjustment of the reorganized army advances on the Organized militia or the National guard (Organized Militia, National Guard, N.G.) and the Reserve militia (Reserve Militia), which consisted of all physically eligible men from 18 to 45 years. The national guard has been upgraded according to the standard arrangement of the Regular army (Regular Army, R.And.). Departments and units of the National guard, who meet the prescribed requirements, have gained the ability to draw funds from federal sources. Each state and territory must appoint a chief adjutant (Adjutant General), which was responsible for implementation of the federal requirements and submit to the ministry of war annual report on the implementation of and compliance with the requirements according to the adopted regulation. The law regulating the allocation of instructors of the Regular army for the needs of the training units of the National guard and the regular holding of joint exercises. Among other novelties introduced by the act included the definition of the conditions for the possibility of service in the National guard and the award of pensions for members of the guard killed during federal service. Dick's law has marked a significant step forward towards the concept of "one army" ("one Army" concept), but it wasn't just cleaning a whole range of other issues, which needed to be resolved, if it were to be modernization of the army successful. In the years 1903-1916, therefore, has been adopted by many other laws. On their basis was established the Medical reserve corps (Medical Reserve Corps) and the Deposit of the regular army (Regular Army Reserve, RAR), which function as a reservoir of former members of the team, who could in case of need to quickly add relatively low levels of members of the Regular army.

The last legislation before the entry into force of the United states into the first world war was the Law on national defense (the National Defense Act) of 1916. He also defined the Army of the United states (Army of the United States) as a whole consisting of the Regular army (Regular Army), the Volunteer army (Volunteer Army), Corps officers in the reserve (Officers Reserve Corps, ORC), the Choir members of the team in the midfield (Enlisted Reserve Corps, ERC), National guard (National Guard), when this is in the service in favor of the United states, and other similar existing or in the future on the basis of the law established by the ground forces. Peaceful the numbers of the Regular army were increased to 175 000 members, and the war on 300 000. The numbers of members of the National guard have been increased to 400 000. Members of the guard from this point on should consist of state and federal promise that its units could easily be included in federal services even outside the territory of the united states. Furthermore, there were increased funds for the training, facilitate the possibility for the recruitment of officers of the National guard into federal service. President of the united states acquired the power to determine how many units should the state establish and maintain. The ORC and ERC should fulfil the role of a reservoir of more or less trained officers and members of the team, which could, if necessary, be quickly supplemented by a number příslšníků of the Regular army. In addition, it was established the officer Training corps reserve officers (Reserve Officers’ Training Corps), which was at high schools to ensure the training of new cadres for the ORC. The law on national defense may come too late for it to have a complex impact on the functioning of the american army in the first world war, but some of its aspects after its deployment have affected. The dual status of the National guard (state and federal) has allowed the deployment of its troops overseas without the legal wrangling. Even more it is reflected in the area of advances, i.e. ORC and ERC. By June 1917 was the army taken over 21 000 of backup officers, who have passed Instrukčními camps of the regular army (Regular Army Instruction Camps, the so-called Plattsburg Camps). The end of the war the army entered through 89 000 reserve officers, of which approximately 3 300 went through ROTC and 57 300 mentioned instrukčními camps. In a similar number moved and the number of advances between members of the team.

However world war ii showed that even large-scale changes introduced by the Act on national defence were not quite sufficient to complete the modernization of the army. To eliminate the shortcomings was in the 1920 adopted another Law on national defense. This legal standard zreorganizovala armádlu according to the concept of one army. Continue to consist of three components - Regular army, National guard and Organized reserves (Organized Reserve, About.R.). The national guard represented an advance on the state level, and Organized deposit and then deposit at the federal level. Organized advance was the predecessor of the later Army reserves (US Army Reserve). The law also once again raised the permissible peaceful figures for the Regular army to 296 000, of which 17 726 accounted for the officers. Increase the number of officers was enforced by the fact that the Regular army had the task of ensuring the training of the reserve components of the (N.G. and About.R. + ROTC) and had to allocate the appropriate number of instructors and other features. RAR was abolished and its role taken over later ERC. Numbers of the National guard have been increased to 435 000, but as with the Regular army not to their fulfilment - states were under a number of 200 000, and when in 1939 was a partial increase, so before the start of the war mobilization was NG on roughly half of the allowable number of members. The fact that the law defined the National guard in the area of the ground forces as the second component in the ranking, right behind the Regular army, meant the supply of federal funds and better conditions for the operation, but on the other hand also greater supervision by the federal authorities. The third component of the army, the Organized deposit, was formed by combining the ORC and ERC. The next moment appeared in hundreds of units.R. The number of members was not by law, not capped, in real terms, stocks fluctuated around the 100 000. Representatives of the National guard managed to push through, to fully were occupied by only the officers ' table, while for men it was only by about a third. The ORC filled the officers who have served in active duty during the first world war, and the officers vzešlí of the programs of ROTC, and Citizens ' military training camps (Citizens Military Training Camps, CMTC). The ERC was occupied mainly poddůstojnická places with the lowest rank should be filled after the announcement of mobilization. The national guard ensure that the remained second in the standings and avoid competition for members of the team from the same geographical areas. Members of the ERC were recruited from former members of the Regular army or the National guard, from persons that have gone through ROTC (at least one school year) or CMTC (four-week course). The ERC has also been taken to a number of persons with specialised knowledge and skills (nurses, railwaymen, signalmen, musicians, etc.). A number of members of the ERC advanced within About.R. to the ORC. The combination of these facts meant that the ERC is on the states Of the.R. participated in no more than 6 000 members..
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Territorial organization in the establishment of the choral areas




From a military point of view, the territory of the United states divided into several departments, which were subject to the central authority, the Ministry of war (War Department). These departments are often further split into districts. Departments carry out the command and administrative authority over the units and departments of the Regular army and the National guard in federal service. Chief districts often became the commanders of the local regiments and staff functions districts perform members plukovních staffs. Tactical bundles in the form of brigades, divisions and corps in the u.s. army in a permanent form did not exist. Were formed only temporarily for the duration of armed conflicts such as the Spanish-american war, when it was established eight congregations throughout all three divisions, which in turn consisted of three brigades. Departments to ensure corps mobilization and logistics facilities prior to deployment overseas. After the war ended, the harnesses were dissolved and the system of departments was extended to the Philippines, Hawaii, puerto Rico and later also the canal zone.

In 1905 to army officials realized the need for the establishment of mobile headquarters higher than battalion and there was a plan for the formation of brigades and divisions of the regiments of the Regular army and the National guard. However, it remained only in plans, realistically to any preparations as not. To further rise to the emergence of the higher volumes occurred in 1910, then, should be the First field army (First Field Army) consisting of three divisions each of three brigades of regiments R.And. and N.G. The individual regiments were on paper attributed to the brigades, but then in the following year the revolution broke out in Mexico and of the plans was cancelled. Instead the army was formed in the spring of 1911, only one division, called the Maneuver division (Maneuver Division). Division headquarters was located in San Antonio, texas, that could possibly in time to take a position on the us-mexican border. This volume consisted only of brigades and regiments R.And. In addition, created several separate brigades, which were to the same purpose deployed at other positions in Texas and California. In August 1911 the division was, as well as all the brigade, cancelled. Arose, therefore, just less than the planned volume, and in addition his life was only of short duration. However, the army leaders met, it is necessary to establish permanently the existing division and to compile a functional mobilization plans. In 1912, therefore, he ordered secretary of war Henry L. Documented review of existing documents. Report contained a new plan for the two-phase mobilization. The regular army was to assemble the infantry division and cavalry brigade, which would serve as an expeditionary force in case of war or for use in other emergency situations. The services of the National guard should create another division, which was meant to strengthen the ties R.And. Stimson plan with some changes accepted and left work.

Stimsonův plan changed the territorial military management of the USA. The continental US was divided into four departments - Eastern (Eastern Department), Western (Western), the South (Southern) and High (Central). In addition, there were two overseas departments - Hawaiian (Hawaiian) and Filipino (Philippine). At the same time was reorganized the coastal artillery, which was now divided into three districts of the coastal artillery - the north Atlantic treaty powers (North Atlantic Coast Artillery District), Jihoatlantického (South Atlantic) and the Pacific (Pacific). Army units were primarily divided among the three infantry and one cavalry division. 1. division (1st Division) were located in the Eastern department, 2. division (2nd Division) in the Middle department, and 3. division (3rd Division) in the Western department. Cavalry division, consisting of 1. and 2. cavalry brigade, was stationed in the Southern department. 3. cavalry brigade (3rd Cavalry Brigade), who stood outside the divisional organization, was assigned to the Middle department. In case necessary, be two regiments in the Eastern department to create a 4. cavalry brigade (4th Cavalry Brigade). Three infantry regiments stationed in Hawaii should create 1. hawaiian brigade (the 1st Hawaiian Brigade). Of the units of the National guard should be established for the next twelve infantry divisions and three cavalry divisions. Even this time, but often originated this command only on paper, whether it involved units of the army or the guard. In both cases, the missing number of the division units, the division of the regular army were often deployed on large territories and to avoid so to the training of a larger scale, in units of the guard often absentovala taste of the state governors finance such as expensive artillery units. The situation was even more complicated by the divisions, which covered the territory of several states. The exception was for some time 2. division (2nd Division), which was actually mobilized and stationed in Texas, since the situation in Mexico was very turbulent. However, even this was in October of 1915 be repealed.

In may 1917, there was another reorganization of the territorial military management of the USA. The continental US is now split into six departments. The number of districts of the coastal artillery was increased to five. In June of the same year he was for the canal zone established department and district of the coastal artillery (territory yet fell under the Eastern department). From June 1917, also in connection with the entry of the USA into the war created a stable brigade, division, corps and army. Towards the end of the great war there were three field armies, nine corps, the sixty-four infantry divisions and one cavalry division. Almost all these volumes were fully or partially fulfilled..
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Choral field



In the year 1920 brought the amendment to the law on national defence of the 1920 amendment to the territorial military administration in the continental US. Departments were abolished and replaced by nine choral areas (Corps Area). Each area consisted of several states on the basis of population density. Each area should ensure the establishment of two corps of three infantry divisions and a standard number of ward units. It was also the obligation to provide units for various other headquarters. First, second, third, fourth, the eighth and ninth the area additionally provide a unit for the operation of the coastal fortifications. These nine choral areas further sdružovalo into three military areas (Army Area), with each military region was responsible for the establishment of two armies. Departments in Panama, Hawaii and the Philippines remained. Each of them was assigned the required number of signalling units, units of the coast guard and units of the air service.

Nine choral areas so assumed the responsibilities of the previous departments, in peace time, provide a command, administration and logistical security of the mobile units. Chorus areas have been additionally entrusted other duties: responsibility for the security of the unit and for the comprehensive mobilization planning for all units of the Regular army, National guard and Organized backups in their territory, which meant the care of hundreds of new units.R. and ROTC, the management of personal records of officers, members of the team, the cadets of ROTC and the candidates CMTC and organising training and exercises. The doms are maintained and their tasks were very similar as in the choir areas with the only difference being that not concerned with the care of the backup folder. The exception was Hawaii, where they were deployed two infantry regiments of the local National guard and the ROTC from the local university. Departments should be available to a few backup officers, but they were not allocated any units Organised backup. The doms on the contrary, devote more energy to ensure cooperation with the navy. War plans for the defence of these territories were almost reviewed annually during maneuvers in cooperation with the navy, marine corps and air component. At the head of ward areas and departments were generally generálmajoři and it was basically the climax of their careers, if they do not become chiefs of army staff. In the case of the outbreak of the war should the commander of the choral field took over as commander of the corps or army. In peace time he held the commander of the choral area often also another command (corps, divisions). Sometimes it is on the contrary gave junior officers Rs.And. or officers About.R.

Each choral area bore the responsibility for the two choirs, which bear the numbers corresponding to the number of corps areas (I-IX and XI-XIX). Corps with a lower number in the case of mobilization consisted of one division of the Regular army and two divisions of the National guard, plus choral units Organised backup. Units of this corps be preferred. Only in the next stage of the mobilization should be assembled choir with a higher number, which would have consisted almost exclusively of units Organised backup. These units would have carried out formation and training in the facilities of the choral area, which would have replaced leavers corps with a lower number, which would have already been deployed or on the way to deployment. Next to the choir and army units to match the choral area also for the organization and mobilization of the units of the Advance general headquarters (General Headquarters Reserve, GHQR), which were specialised formations intended for deployment on the battlefield in the role of backup of the existing councils and the armies of or as a basis for the creation of new churches or armies, units of the so-called communication bandwidth (Communications Zone), which were mainly medical and logistical formations operating in the rear and on the communication routes, and units of the so-called internal zone (Zone of the Interior), which have been a variety of safety, security or training formations, and equipment that remained in the US and ensure the operation of the mobilization machinery. Around since 1928, these units referred to as units of service a congregational area (Corps Area Service Units, TIME).

Although already in 1921 were set up different mobile units of the internal zones, which should encourage the mobilization and training of the war units, none of them was not formed for the specific purpose of supporting existing or planned sites, camps, stations, or other activities needed to sustain large-scale ground forces. It was a different airport and school squadron air corps, riding eskadrony supporting the equestrian refill centres and schools, a separate infantry battalions supporting the infantry refill centres and schools and carrying out special security tasks, and the like. None of them was not, therefore, in the description of collateral recruitment and hiring, security habitat, management, mobilization areas, and the like. From January 1925 began to some of the choral area to organize a similar unit, which should ensure the implementation of mobilisation plans. Based on prvoválečných experience. Army planners on the general staff realized the need for such units and the need for their central management, and so in July 1928 was authorized the establishment of these formations and the headquarters of the service of choral area (Corps Area Service Command) at each choral area. Headquarters provided that the headquarters of the choral area will be at the same time perform the function of the headquarters of the service. It was at the discretion of the commander of the congregational area to determine the number and type of these units. Initially, the area from the total area significantly differed in the number, type and name of these units. To the standardization occurred in the second half of the year 1940. Units of TIME should be four order numbers, while the second number is odvozovalo from the figures given by the choral area, e.g. in 2. choral area it was about the numbers 1201, 1202, 1203, etc. Already before the outbreak of the war began the choral area to mobilize reservists and assemble units of TIME, so they were in December 1941 prepared for the implementation of large-scale mobilization.

Although the mobilization structure calculated with the headquarters of corps and armies, by the year 1940, these elements did not have command and control functions. In their scope, it was just training, planning and management. The headquarters of divisions or habitats with units outside the divisional organization of the turns at the headquarters of the choral areas, not on the headquarters of the corps. As for the National guard units were concentrated the headquarters of the choral areas at the federal training, mobilization planning and control readiness. The normal administrative agenda (hr agenda, promotion, allocation, property management, etc.) ponechávalo at various local government headquarters. On the contrary, in the case of multiple units.R. and RAI to secure the headquarters of the choral area all aspects of their activities. Each ward area has developed its own, although in a number of things to each other similar, system administration and management of these formations.

Each division Of.R. had a small crew composed of members of R.And. headed by a colonel as chief of staff, who directed the activities of the division and was corresponded with the commander of the choral area. Units outside the divisional organization were zpočátky managed by a crew composed of members of R.And. assigned to the corps headquarters. Because of the budget cuts were in the years 1923-1925 the choral headquarters transferred from active duty to the reserves. Units outside the divisional structure since they were controlled by the two new hqs - Nedivizní group (Non-Divisional Group) and the Artillery group (Artillery Group). Nedivizní group was in charge of all units outside the divisional structure, with the exception of air units and artillery units. The artillery group was in charge of all the artillery units of the army, corps and GHQR. In the event that within the choral area has been established in the coastal artillery, and cared artillery group and of the locally competent services of the coastal artillery. Air units were under the choir of the areas managed through either the officer aviation services (Air Service Officer) from the staff of the choral area, which were to hand instructors aviation services (Air Service instructors) R.And. caring about the individual airports (airdrome).R., or through a small staff of R.And. dislokovaném on one central airport within the choral field, which served as a node of air advances. A similar system was in the context of some of the choral areas applied for the ordnance department, or medical units outside of the divisional structure. Next to the units.R. must have command of choral areas of pay and units of RAI. It was basically the same unit, differing primarily by, that could be the president of the transferred to active duty without declaring a state of danger. Volunteer reservists from the RAI were more easily used than those of the ERC and ORC (i.e., About.R.), and therefore these units in the framework of the mobilization plans of a higher priority. The system management units RAI was roughly the same as for units.R. Differed by unit RAI most subject to the direct command of choral area.

In 1928 occurred in 9. choral field to change the system of management units.R. From this moment on, is passed to the geographic system. From the point of view Of.R. she was the choral area divided into three military areas (Military Area), which are further split into the reserve districts (Reserve District). Military areas were defined by national borders and to create them were used by the staffs of the existing divisions About.R. Military area assumed control not only of the competent local divisions Of the.R., but also all the local units.R. It wasn't the only units of the coastal artillery, they have remained subordinate district of the coastal artillery. Instructors who had not yet allocated a specific unit of any kind of troops, now they have allocated to all units in its reserve district. At the same time there was within the 9. choral area to the abolition of the Artillery and Nedivizní group. Them previously subordinate units were transferred under the military area. Although the new system proved to be more efficient and more economical, the other a congregational area for him failed to penetrate in a short time. However, towards the end of the year 1939 was already introduced at all.

The majority of ward areas in your scope of two specialist headquarters - district of the coastal artillery and the training center of the choir area. Districts of the coastal artillery were set up in 1., 2., 3., 4. and 9. choral area. 8. choral area there were only the headquarters of the harbor defense (Harbor Defense Command) in texas Galveston. The central training centre of ward areas there was only about one year, because in 1922 was due to budgetary constraints lifted. Their task was the training of units of the National guard and Organized backups. Choral area should be in charge of one more thing - the Civil corps for the protection of nature (Civilian Conservation Corps), which was the program of support of the unemployed having been made Roosevelt administration. In the framework of this programme have been carried out various works in the field of nature protection..
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Field army



Choral areas were for the needs of the fundraising planning grouped into three army areas. 1. the military area consisted of the 1., 2. and 3. choral area, 2. the military area of 4., 5. and 6. choral area, and 3. army area of 7, 8. and 9. choral area. 1. army area had to assemble 1. and 4. army, 2. army region 2. and 5. army and 3. army area 3. and 6. army. 1. the army should consist of I., II. and III. ward 2. army of IV., In. and VI. the corps and 3. the army of VII., VIII. and IX. corps. All these three armies so should consist primarily of units of the Regular army and the National guard. This meant that they were in the context of the mobilization of preference. 4. the army should consist of a XI., XII. and XIII. ward 5. the army of XIV., XV. and XVI. ward, and 6. the army of the XVII century., XVIII. and the XIX. corps. These armies should be assembled from the units Organised backup. Mobilized should be up in the next phase, after the first three armies. For the army were set tabular numbers of men and units. It was a basis which could, if necessary, be extended units of the GHQR.

The original mobilization plans, on the basis of which was created in 1921 six of the headquarters of the field armies, did not entail the necessity of the existence of the active command at the army level in peace time. These units were set up in the framework Of the.R. The army should therefore be in a peaceful time served by midfielders and fully mobilized in case of outbreak of war. In lezech 1921 to 1932, then there was the army in active service, were a part Of.R. and function as a reservoir of the units for possible mobilization deployment. These formations but did not have command and control of subordinate units. Between the years 1927-1933 were all army headquarters cancelled. The first change occurred in August 1927, when it was repealed the headquarters of the 1. the army in New York in the context Of.R. Of The Unit.R. could be mobilized only for a maximum of 14 days during one calendar year or, in the case of war mobilization. Unit RAI by contrast, could leave the president to mobilize even in the context of other emergency situations, even without a declaration of a state of war. The original army (1. army) was therefore replaced by a new army (7. army), which existed under R.And. and organized was like a formation of RAI. After two months it was renamed back to 1. army.

Further major change concerning the armies occurred at the beginning of the thirties. Chief of the army staff, general Douglas MacArthur left in 1931 to evaluate the feasibility of a state mobilization plans were based on the existence of four army headquarters, instead of the former six. MacArthur judged that it is inappropriate for active military command were mobilized to simultaneously with subordinate units. According to him, it would be more efficient, if this command had an active form already before the announcement of the mobilization. In 1932 MacArthur set up three new army headquarters under R.And. Due to the fact that one already existed, as mentioned above, this concept was referred to as the concept of the four armies. In practice, this system of four armies replaced the previous system of three army areas and six armies. The senior commander from the relevant councils at the same time became the commander of the army and his choral group was accompanied by several other members. Their task was the coordination of training and drawing up defense plans. These formations did not have any activities for the choral area. Commanders of the armies had responsibility for drawing up plans to defend the borders and other operational plans, build choral staffs and the army staff, the allocation of officers, troops and manoeuvres. The above change would require wider changes to the units - in a number of cases occurred to their transfer to other subordination, cancellation, or conversely the establishment. Units in the subordination of 5. and 6. the army, whether they belonged to R category.And., N.G. or.R., they were assigned to other armies, GHQR, the inner zone, the communications zone, or have been cancelled. In many cases, the units were About.R. replaced by units of the RAI, which, as we have said, zjednodušovalo their possible mobilization. These changes were made to 1. October 1933. In the years 1933-1940 army headquarters focused mainly on the planning and command post staff exercises and maneuvers. Funds umožnovaly done in one year, one exercise, one army and one maneuvers the other army. The plan was so that the army, which carried out in one year exercise carried out in the following maneuvers and then waited for her turn again. The change came in 1940, when all four of the army carried out field maneuvers. In the following year, after rallying a series of units composed of guardsmen and reservists maneuvers were repeated.

The last big change was made in October 1940, when there was a physical separation of these four armies from the choir area. Commanders of the armies were freed from the duty of commanders of the choral areas and compiling a war staffs. Function of the choir area was reduced to the function of the internal zone - became the headquarters of the service of choral areas. Superiors level for tactical units have become just those four armies, which have become the authority, which ensured the preparation of subordinate units and headquarters. At the same time assumed the function of a superior degree for this army in terms of continental defence and the training of the General headquarters (General Headquarters, GHQ)..
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Choirs



In July 1921, was established 18 the headquarters of the corps in accordance with the system of six military headquarters. Each army should consist of three corps. From the not completely clear reason were Also. to IX. the choir, with the exception of II. the choir, established or restored in the context of an Organized advance, although their subordinate units should primarily come from the Regular army and the National guard. II. the choir was set up in the framework of the National guard. On the contrary, XI. until the XIX. the corps were set up in the framework of the Regular army, although their units came from the Organized backup. VIII. and IX. the congregation followed the tradition of prvoválečných corps, others were newly set up.

Always two corps were for the needs of mobilization allocated to one of the choral area. The number of wards and the number of the choral field together were related - to the And. choral areas were allocated. and XI. choir II. choral area II. and XII. corps etc. To the end of the year 1922 were all the choirs, with the exception of II. ward, functional. II. the choir was in July 1923 inserted on the list of deferred units, temporarily assigned to the Organized reserve as a deferred national guard unit (Deferred National Guard unit). None of the councils had appointed the commanding general and more than half of the states. In the years of 1921 to 1922 he was in every choral area partially activated one of the councils, which functioned as the administrative authority for mimodivizní units Organised backup. It was a III., IV., In., VI., VII., VIII., IX., XI. and XII. choir. The headquarters of the corps consisted mainly of reservists, however, for each of them, operated in the framework of the staff and a few members of the Regular army, who were performing administrative tasks in connection with subordinate units Organised backup. In 1925 it was the headquarters deactivated due to budget cuts and an attempt to congress for their disposal, however remained organized reservists. The functions of the headquarters of the corps in the majority of ward areas have taken over the Nedivizní group and the Artillery group. Councils should tabulating the numbers of members and subordinate units.

In August 1927 they were Even., II. and III. the corps excluded from the Organized backup and demobilizovány. On the contrary, in the framework of the Regular army there are three new councils - XX., XXI. and XXII. choir. These councils were allocated to the I., II. and III. choral area and subordinate to the newly established 7. army. Thus arose the basis for the grouping, around which it would in case of necessity could be quickly mobilized existing units of the ground troops. In October 1927 were these councils are renamed to I, II. and III. choir. Also in August 1927 were IV. to VII. the corps excluded from The.R. and allocated Rs.And. VIII. and IX. the choir have undergone the same process until, in October 1933. Another new feature of the August, 1927 was the establishment of the Even. the equestrian corps (I Cavalry Corps) under R.And. Should be flexible headquarters with units allocated according to actual needs.

In October 1933 had a number of congregations in connection with the implementation of the plan of the four army headquarters changes in the subordination of armies. XI. until the XIX. the choir were removed from R.And. and demobilizovány. Instead of these were established in the new corps, which bore the same number, but in the context Of.R. Also. to IX. the choir were partially activated, while the hq staff was shared with the staff choir areas. Still but not to the allocation of the commanding generals and councils operate as the authorities of command and control. Thus, although the headquarters of the corps was in the twenties and thirties rather paper units, you just sometimes participated in staff exercises and maneuvers. A number of members, guardsmen and reservists had the opportunity to get a higher staff training for higher units.

In October 1939, was the headquarters of the IV. the ward activated in the Fort Benning and should serve for the needs of winter and spring maneuvers, during which was tested the new division, the so-called triangular structure. Also. to III. and In the. to IX. the corps were activated between August and December 1940 as they were to take over management and command over just mobilizovanými divisions of the Regular army and the National guard. Councils of the higher numbers have been activated until after Pearl Harbor..
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Armored units



The task of tank units was to support the infantry, which should enable uninterrupted conducting offensive operations using firepower and maneuverability. In the first postwar years, the soldiers and politicians have had numerous discussions about the future of the then Tank corps (Tank Corps). The law on national defense of the 1920's assigned to tank units of the infantry. In addition to this decision, the doctrine and the organizational development of the tank units in the interwar period, the influence and the resistance of the cavalry to the introduction of this technical novelty. Tank units of the Regular army were tank units of the first world war.

In 1921 she was in maryland Camp Meade of the existing units set up 1. tank group (1st Tank Group) and four battalions - one special (special), two light (light) and one heavy (heavy). However, after a short time the group was due to the budgetary constraints forced to limit your units. Even though it was in the year 1923 on paper, set up the fifth battalion, this time hard. Three of the five battalions remained in the twenties active and the remaining two were transferred under the RAI. In 1921 there was also an establishment of the other four tank groups and twenty-one battalions in the framework of Organized backups. In 1924 were established another three battalions, but in 1928 was the number of battalions on the contrary, about three reduced. At the same time were established the other three headquarters of the panzer groups.

In 1930 the tank formations of all army components been reorganised and renamed to panzer regiments (tank regiment). In 1932, followed by another renaming - the infantry regiments, while in the brackets was mentioned, whether it is about the infantry regiment (light tanks) [Infantry Regiment (Light Tanks)], infantry regiment (medium tanks) [Infantry Regiment (Medium Tanks)] or infantry regiment (heavy tanks) [Infantry Regiment (Heavy Tanks)].

The us military missed or experimenting with new concepts of the use of tanks on the battlefield, which think about more independent role of the tanks. In 1928 and 1930 has been gradually set up two experimental mechanized group (Experimental Mechanized Force). It was a response to the british attempts on the establishment of the unit, which should have a high firepower and speed. Groups stood at the brigadier level and has been compiled from a variety of tank and motorized units II. and III. choral area. The main task of these formations was to test new weapons and new concepts of mobile combat. Tests have indicated that this is a promising way of further development, and so were part of the second grouping been reorganised in the temporarily existing Mechanized cavalry regiment (Mechanized Cavalry Regiment). This became the basis for the formation of 7. cavalry brigade the (mechanized) [7th Cavalry Brigade (Mechanized)]. That in 1940 became the basis for the 1. armoured division (1st Armored Division). Here already there from doktrinálního the point of view of the unit, which had their tanks directly support the infantry, but a unit whose tanks were, like the similar british or German troops, to independently maneuver and breaking through the defensive position of the enemy..
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Infantry division



In the spring of 1919 convened general Pershing of the Supreme council to, among other things, conducted an analysis of the effectiveness of the so-called square divisions, which consisted of two infantry brigades of two regiments, a brigade of field artillery and divisional troops, and consisted of 29 000 members, which was roughly the equivalent of a corps in the european armies. Pershing promoted the so-called a triangular division, which consisted of only three regiments and consisted of 17 000 men. The general therefore sent the resulting report to the Organising committee (Committee on Organization) Ministry of war (War Department), accompanied by your glance. The committee at that time addressed the question of the structure of the post-war divisions. In order to solve the problem were drawn up lassiter's commission, which tabulated the organisational structure has developed. The division was not very different from the kits, although the number of members was reduced to less than 20 000. Square structure in the form of two brigades of a total of four infantry regiments maintained. The peace counts team were established on the 11 000. During the interwar period there were several changes: removed division the air force, on the contrary, was added a regiment of medium artillery, a brigade of field artillery was motorizována and logistics units have been expanded.

Mobilization plans were calculated with 57 infantry divisions. Twelve of them should be included in the Regular army - one in nine of ward areas and one in each of the three overseas empire. Eighteen divisions should be included within the National guard - two in each corps area. In each chorus area so should be together three divisions from the ranks of the RA and NG (1+2). These should be part of a college with a lower number. The choir with the higher serial number should then consist of the divisions of Organized backups. These divisions was 27, for each of the choral area of the three. In each of the choral area is therefore counted six divisions (1x RA, 2x NG, 3x OR).

Division of the regular army
Division of the RA stationed on the territory of the continental US have received serial numbers from 1. to 9. Division stationed in overseas colonies bear the names of these possessions - Panama canal vessels division (Panama Canal Division), Hawaiian division (Hawaiian Division), and the Philippine division (Philippine Division). These divisions bore the names of the lands and for this reason, that didn't count with their deployment outside of the territory. Them to subordinate units received the serial numbers of the corresponding state, as would have been subordinated to the 10. up to 12. division. The first nine divisions up to division established at the time of the first world war. Eight first passed through the deployment in France. The ninth to leave the territory of the united states. The overseas divisions were newly established without following the prvoválečnou 10. up to 12. division. Budgetary constraints did not allow the RA to maintain in the U.S., nine full-fledged divisions. In 1921, therefore, was 4. to 9. the division partially deactivated. Represented were still only the same numbered brigade reinforced by at least one battalion of field artillery observation squadron and other security units. In the mid-twenties in addition ceased almost to exist the headquarters of the 1. to 3. the division, despite their subordinate units remained active. Remained only the commander and several staff officers. But you provided only the administrative activities, on the exercise of command functions or the organisation of regular exercises could not be speech. A certain exception was the headquarters of the 2. division, since this division carries out patrol activities on the mexican border, and the whole was placed in one place, in the texas Fort Sam Houston.

In 1926 military leaders and planners realized that this condition does not allow, in the case of acute need to ensure effective and rapid initiation of the activities of the divisions. Adopted because several of the measures. The commanders of the 2. and 9. choral area of the back most of the command functions 1. and 3. division, and in addition they let to supplement their staffs to other people. That could be six disabled divisions in case of need to quickly followed by on war numbers, joined the war department to the allocation of the backup officers to the units of the RAI falling under these divisions. Of these units RAI so basically become the unit of backup. 5. choral area have gone in the case of 5. division so far as the divisional headquarters was organized according to the divisions About.R. In the result he wasn't in headquarters and division headquarters no officer on active duty, assigned to were just midfielders. None of these six divisions not allocated to the commanding general. This function executed the commander of the relevant choral area. In 1927 he was made a further step towards the possibility of quicker mobilization. All active infantry brigade under 4. to 9. division were concentrated under 4. to 6. division. Those three divisions could be in the view of military planners better mobilised thanks to the fact that they had two active brigades. Later but this changed their minds and brigade in 1933 bounced back. Condition where de facto there were three divisions and six reinforced brigades lasted until October 1939, when he began the process of reorganization divzí on a triangular assembly.

The overseas division also suffered a number of problems, but overall their condition better. The best was the Hawaiian division, which is the most close to the war state. These divisions were established in 1921. Hawaiian division completed the construction process in the spring of the following year. The philippine division, consisting of members of the RA and the Philippine scouts (aPhilippine Scouts), had a regiment of artillery, an ammunition train, part of the corps of engineers and the ambulance regiment, and a variety of other smaller specialized units. Panama canal vessels division had one infantry regiment and outpatient company. Even these overseas division of the marked budget cuts. In 1931, remained the Hawaiian division basically unaffected, but the Philippine division had to deactivate the whole infantry brigade. The panama canal division lost infantry brigade, almost the entire brigade of field artillery and part of the logistics. In 1932 was the panama divze deactivated and she has not yet sub-unit organised into two sector headquarters, which should be more efficient in the case of a threat to průplavového zone. In the autumn of 1941 was the Hawaiian division divided into two divisions of a triangular structure - 24. and 25. division. The philippine division, to the captivity in 1942 officially retained the square structure, but practically it was from the autumn of 1941 a triangular division. In 1940 she was in the panama zone set up a formation with the name of the canal cell groupings (the Panama Canal Mobile Force). Was approximately the division and moved on to pdo him almost all the still-active units once under the original division.


National guard
In 1920 it was decided that the National guard would consist of eighteen divisions with serial numbers 26 to 45, wherein the two numbers should not be used. In each corps area were to be deployed two divisions of the NG. Numbers should be allocated in the following the numbers of the divisions from the time of the first world war. The number 42 was assigned, since this division consisted of men from too many states. 4. choral area should choose from the numbers 30, 31 and 39. Originally chose the numbers 30 and 39, the number 31 was not used. In 1923 there was an exchange. Number 39 was abandoned and nahraženo number 31. In the spring of 1921 was allocated to the most subordinate units and was the formation of divisions. To complete the organisation of the division was necessary to achieve the state, when it was 75 percent of the subordinated units were formed and recognised by federal authorities. Towards the end of the year 1924 was recognised thirteen headquarters of the divisions of the eighteen. The last was recognized by 35. division, who came from Kansas and Missouri, in 1935. With the exception of three divisions (43., 44., 45. division) were the other active already in the time of the first world war. Units from Connecticut, New Hampshire, Vermont and Maine fell in the war under 26. division. The now include only troops from Massachusetts, and the units of the four New England states now fall under the new 43. division. 44. the division included, in particular, New Jersey, one brigade included the New York regiment of field artillery, Pennsylvania. Previously, these states sent troops to 27, 28. and 29. division. 45. the division included Oklahoma, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona. The unit from Oklahoma previously covered under the 36. the division, which now included only Texas. Units from three other states previously covered under 40. the division, which now include California, Utah and Nevada. The division of NG were as well as a division of RA affected by budget cuts and indifference of politicians on military matters. Not to meet the numbers of men and some of the subordinate units have not been established.


Organizovná advance
Division OR should the numbers 46 to 91 and 94 to 104. Division with numbers 76 to 101 already existed at the time of the first world war, with 76. up to 91. division have undergone deployment in France. Division 102 to 104 were new. 92. and 93. the division also served in France. It was a black unit and the Ministry of war was not foreseen with the creation of black units in peace time. Considered was also the renewal of the puerto rican division, but that never happened. Each ward area had allocated to the three divisions Of the.R., which were subordinated to the corps with a higher serial number. Even The division.R. should as much as possible include the states from which the majority of the team at the time of the first world war. Due to the emergence of donývh divisions occurred even in their case certain changes are made to the geographic jurisdiction. Once it was determined the seat of the headquarters and subordinate units, has been appointed staff from among the members of R.And., that began to contact the officers of the ORC and using the media to organize recruitment. The numbers of officers divisions Of the.R. to achieve the full conditions, but the legislation did not fulfill the conditions of the team for more than 33 percent. Due to the fact that the members of the team have no financial benefits, not about service in ERC too interested. But states officers are almost filled due to the number of reserve officers serving in the first world war and the number of graduates of ROTC and CMTC.

Initially he held the position of commander of all three divisions of the commander of the choral area.
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