Manching

Murnau

The celtic oppidum, which is located in Ingolstadt in Upper Bavaria. Based on the narrow terrace of the southern bank of the Danube at the mouth of the river Paary. Its creation is put into 2. century bc. c., the extinction towards the end of the 1. century bc. c., then Předalpsko came under roman domination. Researchers are thinking that it has been the seat of a celtic tribe Vindeliků. In this period was the river Danube, as well as here is situated the marshes natural protection. Yet it was built a rampart of 7.8 km long, which protected the area of 380 ha. Previously, he was built like a murus gallicus, after what was destroyed, was replaced by a stone wall, but also in other wooden fortifications. At least we know about the four gates. Eastern was klešťovitou gate with a steeple building and two underpasses. Under the pavement of the road was found the skeleton of a child, which is interpreted as a ritual sacrifice. Before the tower stood a pillar, which was interpreted as a cult. The gateway to the south is well visible, the other two, namely west and north, which are in the field rather expected. Settlement behind the walls of the koncentrovalo in protáhnuté core extending in the axis west – east. The population density towards the edges of the fell. Inundation of the territory reserved to the mound, not a permanent settlement. Detected the pledge consisted of a series of types of wooden homes. Has identified a number of communications which are downloaded to the main road (roads). In the flagship communication were mostly small houses, probably belonging with a predominance of craftsmen, these were small yards, and to each other tightly adhere. Characteristic for Manching then there are large fenced areas with internal we have ex ante development, which is differentiated into living and economic part. Furthermore, they are typical zásobnicové the pit and the well with the woodwork inside. After they lost their original purpose, were secondarily buried waste (ceramics, bones, etc.). However, the main economic base of the celtic settlement was a trade, which is just the position on the Danube threw. Therefore, the domination and control of the danube crossing and a cruise on the Danube. Another economically important activity was the compaction and processing of the iron to the south and east of the celtic settlement. Of these activities to preserve a number of furnaces for the smelting of iron. She was found a number of iron tools to demonstrate high-volume processing of iron, but also wood and other materials. Documented we also have glass and it products such as glass pearls or bracelets. We also made our own coins. Of course it was detected the production of pottery, whether it is already ceramic painted, tuhovaná ridge or tuhovaná smooth ceramics, which we have represented by a whole range of types and shapes. The potters here have worked on the potter's wheel. But we have doloženu and pottery in hand made, or imported. Very well processed animal bones, whether with regard to the determination of species, age or height and weight ratios. When determining the consumed animals transported, the approximate amount of meat from them is obtained then you can approximately estimate the numerical status of the population Manchingu. Also found was the la tene burial sites of the middle la tene period. From around then are aware of the depoty from the late la tene period. In Irschingu was found a treasure of coins, in Leisenhartu, which is located inside of the celtic settlement, was also found an interesting depot.
In the roman period, there was a travel station and later a military foothold, which has been dubbed Vallatum. This name should remind of the celtic mounds, but that was practically everything, what then could see of the once great celtic settlement. The year 1955 was accidentally discovered by a depot of silver objects that were part of the roman service, that consisted of plates, bowls, ladles, 2 cups and 3 teaspoons. Save the depot is put into connection with the invasion of the Alamanů the year 233 ad.
One of the first biggest research took place in the years 1937 and 1938, when there was built the airport, but was a broken part of the mounds. The year 1955 began a large systematic investigations W. Krämer. The year 1974 was uncovered 70 000 m2, i.e. 2% of the total area and 8% of the internal extensively populated indoor area, which has 80 ha. Was yet applied or even created a cell, a number of new procedures.

Source:
Novotny, B. et al. 1986: Encyklopédia Archeológie. Bratislava..