1716-1718 - 6. rakousko-turecká válka

INTRODUCTION
Title
Between 1714 and 1718, the Balkans saw the next phase of the struggle between the Christians and the Turks, referred to as the 6th Austro-Turkish War, the 8th Venetian-Turkish War, the 1st Turkish War of Charles VI, or Prince Eugene's War.


Turkish attack on the Venetian possessions
The war broke out on 8 December 1714 when Ottoman Empire declared war on Republic of Venice. The pretext was a series of naval incidents and the support that the Republic of St. Mark was to provide to the Montenegrins. The Ottomans' goal was to regain some of the territories they had lost with the Peace of Carlsbad in 1699. In 1715, the Ottomans attacked the Peloponnesian peninsula and captured or occupied a number of Venetian fortresses with relative ease, including Corinth and Nauplion. The Venetian fleet remained anchored in the Gulf of Messene - it did not venture out to sea. The Turks thus continued to raid and occupied the island of Tino, Aegina and other sea fortresses. Then they captured the fortresses of Susa and Spinalonga on Crete. The Venetians held on only in Dalmatia.


The rapid Turkish successes and the real threat to Malta led Spain and Portugal to send warships to help the Venetians. The Elector of Bavaria, Maximilian II Emmanuel, was willing to provide troops and funds to the Emperor. Other imperial princes showed similar helpfulness. The Maritimes took no notice of the Emperor's failure to repay previous debts, and the Netherlands even sent additional money. Britain then concluded the so-called Westminster Alliance with the Emperor on 5 June 1715. Its content was a guarantee that the British fleet would help if the Emperor was attacked. This eliminated the threat of a Philip V raid on Italy. In addition, papal diplomacy succeeded in getting both Philip V and Duke Philip of Orléans, then Regent of France, to promise not to threaten Charles's Italian possessions when he waged war against the Muslims. This occurred in October and November 1715. As early as September, the movement of troops to Hungary began.


Declaration of martial law
On 2 April 1716, Prince Eugene of Savoy sent a letter to the Grand Vizier, mentioning the observance of the terms of the Treaty of Carlsbad and Turkish armaments. He called on the Turks to stop hostilities against Venice and even to pay for the damage caused. It was clear that the Ottomans could not agree to this. It was, in effect, an ultimatum. Indeed, on 13 April 1716, an alliance was concluded between the Emperor and the Venetian Republic. The state of war between the Habsburg and Ottoman empires came in June 1716, when Damad Ali declared it by letter to Eugene of Savoy.




PREPARATIONS FOR WAR
Imperial Army
The Imperial Army numbered 137,600 men, who were assigned to 45 infantry and 42 cavalry regiments. In addition to these regular army members, about 30,000 members of the frontier formations had to be added. The regiments were stationed in various parts of the monarchy and had recently been through the War of the Spanish Succession. The training and manning of the guns had to be restored. Prince Eugene of Savoy demanded 80,000 men for the field campaign, as large a train as possible to carry as many supplies as possible, a fighting Danube fleet and 20.5 million gold pieces to cover the costs. 3 ships and 30 teasers were built. Two consortia were supposed to supply the army and the Hungarian fortresses with supplies, but it turned out that they were not up to the task and the army had to rely mainly on the coaches and warehouses to cope with the difficult Balkan conditions. The Danube was to be the main communication route for the supply of supplies. In the end, Eugene of Savoy had 66,000 infantry and 33,000 cavalry at his disposal for operations in Hungary and the Balkans. The artillery consisted of 85 field guns and 100 siege guns. Of the 85 battalions, 18 were detached to defend fortresses and secure lines of communication in the rear of the army. The army thus consisted of 86,400 men and gun and train operators. Other troops were deployed in Transylvania and along the Danube and Sava rivers.


Turkish side
The Turks had an estimated 100-190,000 men at their disposal. This number includes both the regular army and irregular auxiliaries. The troops from Anatolia were commanded by Beylerbey Türk Achmed, the troops from Rumelia by Beylerbey Sari Achmed. The Turks could also rely on the Danube Fleet, which consisted of forty new ships and a number of teasers. The state of the artillery was problematic.




YEAR 1716 - PETROVARADIN
Objectives and beginning of the campaign
Damad Ali decided to concentrate the main army in Belgrade and the army of the Tatar Khan was to take up positions at Chotimi, from where it could invade Transylvania, or confront the Russians if they decided to atone for their previous defeat and intervene in the war. Above all, the Turks wanted to capture the Petrovaradin fortress, thus opening up the possibility of forays into Transylvania or Croatia. However, the Turkish army's task was to wait for the enemy to begin combat operations. Prince Eugene's goal was to capture Belgrade, which would give him control of the middle Danube. Only then did he want to turn northeast and conquer Temesvár, or rather to occupy the Banat of Temesvár with its unfavourable conditions for the operations of larger armies. The troops were first stationed in a large area between Petrovaradin and Buda and from June began to concentrate in Futak.


The Turkish commanders decided not to respect the divan's instruction and took the initiative. Thus, on 26 July, the Ottoman army began to cross the Sava in the direction of Petrovaradin, which they assumed was still weakly defended. When Eugene of Savoy learned of the Turkish action, he hastened the movement of troops to Futak and Petrovaradin. He moved part of the troops and his tent from Futak across to Petrovaradin and sent part of the cavalry to Titel, where it was to join the cavalry units advancing from Szegedin. At the same time they were to prevent a possible Turkish crossing of the Danube here. On 28 July the rest of the artillery arrived and a few days later received permission from the Emperor to begin operations at his discretion.


Imperial
Prince Eugene sent a cavalry detachment of 3,000 men under Pállfy's command to Carlsbad to conduct a reconnaissance. The detachment encountered a stronger enemy, but managed to return and report back at the cost of heavy losses. This made it clear that a large vizier with a large army was marching towards the fortress. The Imperialists therefore moved to the south bank of the Danube and took up positions on the double ring of chances around the fortress. On August 3, the last part of the army arrived with 8 battalions of infantry and 24 squadrons of cavalry. The troops took up position on the north bank, where they supplemented the cavalry formations already stationed there.


Turkish position
The Turkish troops spread out on a high ground about three kilometres from the fortress and blocked the fortress, located on the peninsula, by land. After an initial offensive advance, they now took up a defensive position. The Grand Vizier decided not to attack the fort directly and risk his troops being stopped by captured odds and Austrian artillery. He was counting on the Imperialists attacking first and being willing to negotiate after defeat. However, Ottoman miners and trenchers immediately began to dig trenches towards the chances and light artillery, three batteries of about 10 guns each, began to shell them.


Plan of the Battle of Petrovaradin
Since the Turks did not besiege the fortress, the Prince of Savoy could have stayed put or retreated to the left bank. The Generalissimo finally decided on the third option - an attack on the Turkish position. Selected battalions under the command of Prince Karl Alexander of Württemberg were to attack the Turkish positions on Wednesday and draw attention to themselves. This was to be exploited by Pálffy's left wing (21 regiments of cavalry), which was to outflank the Turkish right wing in a swift attack. The Turks would be forced to withdraw a little. Thus the centre and right wing could be formed, which would then make the decisive attack. The centre was divided into first rank, second rank and reserve. The battalions under the command of Prince Karl Alexander were included in the first line. Ebergényi's right wing consisted of only four cavalry regiments. Due to the spatial conditions, it was not envisaged to deploy them against the Turkish troops they were facing. They could, however, reinforce the centre if urgently needed. The fortress and the chances were to be protected by the remaining 16 infantry battalions and 4 cavalry regiments. Prince Eugene therefore intended to attack the Turks with 51,000 infantry and 27,000 cavalry. On the night of 4 to 5 August, the cavalry units of the left wing began to cross the Danube. The operation was slowed by a storm, and the actual attack did not begin until 7am.


Battle of Petrovaradin
Prince Karl Alexander's banners took the Turks by surprise and the Janissaries retreated. Some of them retreated to the left and the right wing of the centre under the command of Field Armourer Maximilian Starhemberg had to be deployed against them. Above all, however, the centre managed to capture one of the three Turkish batteries. The left wing of the centre, commanded by Field Armourer Count Regal, encountered a dense network of trenches in which the troops broke into individual detachments, mixed up and were stopped. Against the centre right flank, the Janissaries counter-attacked and drove the Imperial troops to the odds, where they clashed with the rearguard. This successful counterattack exposed Regal's left wing of the centre, which had to withdraw. The centre therefore fell back, and in disbanded form at that, for the centre of the centre under Prince Karl Alexander remained isolated in front. The Turks, however, failed to take advantage of the situation. The Janissaries, who rushed to counterattack, were not sent reinforcements and cavalry to cover their flanks. Pállfy's left flank met stiff resistance from the Sipahis. The Marshal therefore gave the order to attack by chevrons, and at several points the Turkish line was broken. The Sipahis then retreated. Pálffy reached the heights and began to form up his cavalry here. At the same time he knocked out the second Turkish battery and sent several regiments to the right to make contact with württemberg prince and relieve him. At this point Prince Eugene took advantage of the fact that the successful Janissaries on Wednesday were not supported by additional Turkish troops and committed to repelling the Turkish counterattack. He turned the retreating flanks of his centre and supported them with cavalry regiments on the right flank and reserves. Prince Karl Alexander's battalions also joined in the action. The Turks could not resist this force and were forced to flee. Meanwhile, Pállfy's right wing renewed its advance and fought its way into the Turkish camp. For the Turks the battle was lost. The Grand Vizier Damad Ali went on the offensive accompanied by his personal guard and was severely wounded. He subsequently died near Karlovic. Prince Eugene did not give the command to pursue the enemy, as his forces were disbanded and the losses were considerable. The Turks took up a position on the Sava


Losses
Losses on the Imperial side amounted to 4,480 dead and wounded. This unfortunate fate befell 3,374 infantry, 1,077 cavalry and 29 artillerymen. The Turks lost an estimated 10,000 men, all their guns and abundant supplies. It is not without interest that on the one side four generals and four colonels fell, and on the other side the Grand Vizier himself, the Anatolian Beylerbey, an agha of janissaries, and a number of pashas.




YEAR 1716 - TEMESHVAR
The direction of Temesvár
Although Prince Eugene had originally intended to take Temesvár after the capture of Belgrade, he decided to head northeast before its fall. It was clear to him that the Turks had not received a crushing defeat and his army would not be able to handle another major battle in the same year. On the other hand, the Turkish offensive strength was undermined, so he could not be expected to repeat his attempt to capture Petrovaradin, nor to threaten the besiegers significantly. The occupation of Banat would ensure control of the Tisza basin, reliable communications with Transylvania, and facilitate the future conquest of Belgrade.


The cavalry under Pálffy's command set out on 10 August and reached Temesvár on 21 August. The main mass of the imperial army set out on 14 August and arrived on 26 August. Reinforcements arrived in April in the form of a thousand Sipahis, and the garrison consisted of about 10-15 thousand men led by Mehmet Pasha. The encirclement of the fortress was completed on 31 August. Most of the troops were stationed north of the city, as it was the only place to attack from. In the south, 22 cavalry regiments were placed under Pálffy's command. The sappers were building trenches, but otherwise the siege was waited until 17 September, when heavy artillery arrived and began shelling the town.


Siege of Temesvár
The Grand Vizier Haci Halil Pasha wanted to liberate the fortress. The Tatars were to invade Hungary from northern Moldavia, and a cavalry corps of 20,000 Sipahis and 7-8,000 Tatars set out from Belgrade. They were not to fight the entire imperial army, but were to take on part of the prince's forces and thus make the fortress easier to defend. Their repeated attempts to attack Palffy's horsemen were stopped by the Circumvalence Line. The Turkish cavalry eventually turned and withdrew across the Temeš. On 1 October 1762, an attack was launched on the suburb of Velka Palanka. Half of the infantry under the command of Prince Karl Alexander was deployed. After several hours of bloody fighting, the suburb was taken. Both sides had to write off about 2,000 men. The Prince of Savoy was now able to shell the citadel itself, which was built of wood, and was therefore heavily damaged by the cannons. The imperial army lost 1,066 dead and 3,322 wounded men in the siege. Diseases were even more rampant. At the beginning of the siege, Prince Eugene had 44,900 infantry and 18,300 cavalry at his disposal; at the end, only 27,358 infantry and 13,256 cavalry. The remaining men were placed in winter quarters and General Count Mercy was put in charge of the conquered territory.



YEAR 1716 - THE LEADING BATTLEFIELD
Bosnia
On the border with Bosnia, the commander of the ford on the Sava, Colonel Maximilian Petrasch, made a series of raids against Turkish forts. His pressure forced the Ottomans to vacate the positions, but he did not have the strength to take these forts himself. Other frontier commanders were not so successful. In several places the Turks even invaded the monarchy.


Wallachia
Fortunately for her, neither the Tatar-Moldovan invasion, which was to relieve Temesvár, nor the attempted rebellion in Hungary had much effect. In Wallachia, on the other hand, the local elites, together with the imperial commander in Transylvania, Steinville, expelled the local sultan's deputy, Nicholas Mavrokordat. Moreover, Colonel Dettin made a quite successful raid on Bucharest. In the end, Wallachia remained neutral until the end of the war.


Corfu
In the Mediterranean, the Turks attempted to capture Corfu. Even if they did not eventually conquer it, they would at least tie up the Venetian forces, which could not be deployed in Dalmatia. Venice, with the support of other naval states, had built up a strong fleet and had the ability to stop the Turkish fleet even with the landing of troops. However, the Venetian commander Andrea Pisani was not up to the quality of the Turkish commander Djanum Khoja and the Ottomans managed to carry out the landing. On 19 August, the Turks finally captured the fortress, but withdrew again after a counterattack. As a result of the result at Petrovaradin, the Turks withdrew from Corfu after three days. Schulenburg then succeeded in turn in capturing Butrino and the island of Leukas.




YEAR 1717 - BELLEHRAD
Preparation
The Turks attempted to make peace in the autumn of 1716, but Vienna rejected the proposals. Instead, it was preparing for another campaign. Thanks to the collection of taxes, subsidies and other revenues, which totalled millions of gold pieces, it was possible to raise enough funds to replenish its own troops and to secure reinforcements from Bavaria, Brandenburg-Ansbach and Hesse-Cassel. A complicating factor was the ongoing Spanish armaments campaign, which prevented the arrival of troops from Italy. Count Mercy was in charge of the preparations. He prepared a plan for the encirclement of Belgrade. The imperial army was to avoid crossing the predatory Sava River this time and instead cross the Danube southeast of the city.


Rallying the troops
Imperial troops were massed in Futak, where 39 battalions of infantry and 80 squadrons of cavalry arrived and were replaced by auxiliary formations after their departure, and in Banat, where 30 battalions of infantry and 128 cavalry squadrons were concentrated. Two cavalry regiments, commanded by Field Marshal Viard, covered Mehadia, and another 10,000 men under Marshal Steinville guarded Transylvania. These covering troops, as well as other frontier units, were to take up defensive positions and not engage in their own actions during the Belgrade operation. Eugene's field army numbered 101,000 soldiers, 65,000 infantry and 36,000 cavalry. The strength of the Ottoman field army is estimated at about 150,000 men.


Siege of Belgrade
The imperial army gradually got into motion and on 14 June it was concentrated at Pančevo. Subsequently, the troops crossed the Danube at Visnica and surrounded Belgrade from the south and east. The Turks had not counted on the arrival of imperial troops from this direction and were taken by surprise. Thus, Eugene's army carried out the encirclement operation without being significantly hindered by the Belgrade garrison, which numbered 30,000 men under the command of the seraskier Mustafa Pasha. Moreover, the latter apparently did not want to weaken its forces in order to hold out until the main Turkish army arrived. Prince Eugene placed the centre of the imperial camp on the plateau of Vracar. Around it he built a circumamphibious and counter-movement line. These lines, built between 20 June and 9 July, also protected the pontoon bridges across the Danube and the Sava. Zemun was occupied by Bavarian troops.


On 13 July a heavy storm damaged both bridges and the defenders of the fortress took advantage of this to launch a raid against the besiegers. However, they were repulsed. Moreover, the bridges were repaired after two days. Subsequently, the imperial fleet arrived. The defenders then launched a series of further attacks against the bridges over the two rivers. In the meantime, the main Turkish army was approaching Belgrade, having set out from Nis.


The beginning of the shelling of Belgrade
On 23 July, the shelling of Water Town began, which had a very devastating effect on this part of Belgrade. In addition, Turkish supplies were stationed here. The defenders of the city could only rely on the arrival of the main Turkish forces. Their vanguard in the form of cavalry arrived on 28 July, and at the end of the month the main part of the army arrived and set up on the Mokrilug heights. Contrary to Eugene's assumptions, Khalil Pasha did not attack the imperial army, but instead dug in, expecting to force Eugene to negotiate peace. One detachment under Regeb Pasha was sent to Banat and marched on Mehadia. If he conquered it and then occupied Pančevo, he would threaten the left bank of the Danube.


Initially, the two armies were committed only to minor skirmishes. Although Eugene opened more trenches against the fortress and shelled the town, he did not provoke the Turks to greater action. Regeb Pasha succeeded in taking Mehadia. On the 11th of August, although the imperialists managed to capture one of the strategic Danube islands, a Tartar corps arrived on the other side the following day. This detachment of 30,000 horsemen settled on the heights of Dedina, near the bridge over the Sava. The situation of Eugene's army thus deteriorated considerably. The Tatars threatened the connection across the Sava, Regeb Pasha, advancing on Pančevo, then the connection across the Danube. The imperial soldiers were lucky in that he did not advance fast enough.


Early in the morning of 14 August, a single cannon shot hit the gunpowder depot, and most of Water Town was destroyed by the ensuing explosions. The Grand Vizier thought this was the beginning of an Imperial attack on the fortress and had the troops in the camp fall into battle formation. Eugene responded with the same move and minor skirmishes occurred. When the situation became clear, Khalil Pasha pulled the troops back into camp. Eugene left most of the men at the circulating line. For he had to decide the battle by defeating the Turkish field army as soon as possible, before he himself would be surrounded if the bridges over the Sava and Danube were lost.


Deployment of armies
The Turkish army was distributed as follows. The janissaries were in the centre, the sipahis were on the right flank, and irregular cavalry units were on the left flank, backed by the Danube.


Eugene similarly placed the infantry in the centre. His first sequence was divided into a right wing of 15 battalions and 17 grenadier companies and a left wing of 15 battalions and 15 grenadier companies. The second sequence of the centre was not divided into wings and consisted of 22 battalions and 21 grenadier companies. On both flanks, cavalry in the form of 12 regiments covered the advance of the infantry in two successions on each side. Ten thousand men were to remain in camp under the command of the Saxon Sub-Marshal Seckendorff.


The course of the battle
At midnight on 15-16 August, artillery fire began on the fortress, and at one o'clock the cavalry under Marshal Pálffy began to form into assault formations. After three o'clock in the morning, the infantry began to form up under the command of Prince of Württemberg. Before dawn a fog fell, which severely reduced visibility. When Pálffy sent the first succession of the right wing slightly forward to make way for Mercy's second succession, the horsemen encountered the enemy in the fog. The Turks retreated, with the imperial troops in pursuit. This was, however, a battle of smaller groups, the general formation breaking up here, and the right wing swerving too far to the right. The Turks sounded the alarm, began to occupy positions in the trenches and sent help to the retreating left wing. The fog, however, prevented even them from taking full advantage of the problems on the Imperial right flank. In addition, a Turkish counterattack halted Mercy's second line. But the cavalry on the right flank diverted to Sava. To make matters worse, the commander of the right wing infantry, Field Marshal Max Starhemberg, went on the offensive. His aim was to link up with the cavalry and help them. The Austrian infantrymen advanced bravely and forced the Janissaries to retreat. However, after a while the Turks took advantage of the fact that the infantrymen were not covered by the cavalry on the flank here, and forced the Kaiser's to retreat instead. This was stopped only by the soldiers of the second line. With their help, the Turks began to retreat again.


On the left flank, the infantry under Field Marshal Harrach lost their bearings in the fog and tried to link up with the right flank, which caused these troops to shift to the right in contrast to the plan and, moreover, to break up into small groups in many places. The cavalry on the left flank, under the command of General Count Montecuccoli, launched an attack, but encountered a strong group of sipahis and gave way to retreat despite the assistance of ten grenadier companies. Thus the battle did not initially turn out favourably for the Imperialists. The battle formation was badly broken up and the Turks made bold counter-attacks in many places. Especially in the very centre, Turkish cavalry rushed into the space between the left and right infantry. This was only stopped by Prince of Württemberg and his men.


In this situation the fog began to lift and the commanders on both sides could get a broader picture of the position of their own and the enemy troops. Prince Eugene immediately deployed a second line of infantry, which he personally led, to the attack. In addition, the artillery also joined the fight. With a part of the units of the second line Prince of Brunswick-Bevern filled the gap in the infantry position, Prince of Württemberg continued the counterattack against the Turkish cavalry and in addition attempted to attack the hill with Turkish batteries. With another part of the second line, Field Sub-Marshal Count Wallis helped the left flank repel the Turkish counterattack. Thus the overall situation was reversed and the Imperial advance was made. An attempted Turkish counterattack against the infantry was stopped by the concentrated fire of sixteen guns. Pálffy's cavalrymen also went on the offensive. The Turks made one more attempt to counterattack against Prince Karl Alexander's troops. Eugene therefore sent to his aid the troops of the Bavarian general Maffei, the Hessian battalion, supported by two regiments of the Imperial Army. These fresh and fully formed troops captured the hill with Turkish cannons.


Meanwhile, on the left flank, the Imperial cavalry succeeded in driving the Turks here into retreat, but at the cost of heavy losses. The Grand Vizier began to prepare for a general retreat. On the left flank the Turks put up probably the stiffest resistance, but Starhemberg's infantry managed to knock out the Turkish batteries here as well. The last counter-attack was made by the Ottoman cavalry, who managed to force an Imperial regiment to retreat for a time at 10 a.m., but in the end had to retreat anyway. Eugene of Savoy then lined up his troops in a two-file battle formation and marched against the Turkish camp itself. He thus forced the Turks to withdraw from Belgrade towards Nis and on to Sofia to cover the passes there. The battle with the Turkish army was won by the imperialists and they gained a large amount of booty. This news reached Regeb Pasha at Ujpalanka, which he was trying to conquer. As soon as he heard that Belgrade had been defeated, he immediately retreated.


Negotiations for surrender
Negotiations for the surrender of the fortress began on 17 August, and the following day an agreement similar to that of Temesvár was reached. The Turks withdrew from Belgrade on 24 August.


Losses
The Imperial army lost around 5,000 men, with roughly the same proportion of infantry and cavalry. Among them, two field marshals, one field general or two colonels fell. Ottoman losses are estimated at twice that number.




1917 - THE LAST BATTLE
Bosnia
While the Turks lost at Belgrade, elsewhere fortune did not turn its back on them. On 21 June, Prince Eugene ordered the local commander in Bosnia, Petrasch, to attack the fortress of Šabac and the lower Sava in general. However, the fortress defended itself. After the capture of Belgrade, Petrasch attempted to capture Zvornik Castle with a view to further advance along the Drina to Banja Luka, which would open the way to Sarajevo. The action was carried out in September, but the castle was not captured. Petrasch was wounded. Meanwhile, Field Marshal General Draskovich and Field Sub-Marshal Heister attempted to invade Bosnia from Croatia. However, their attempt to capture the fortresses of Novi and Bihać also ended in failure.


Hungary and Transylvania
The situation was not ideal in Transylvania either, which was invaded by the Tatars on 22 August, who proceeded from there straight to Hungary. They were stopped only by a militia called by the governor, Field Marshal Karolyi. The Tartars retreated across the Carpathians, but left a devastated area behind them.




PEACE CONGRESS
Baseline for peace negotiations
The Ottoman army suffered a defeat, but was not completely destroyed. The Imperialists certainly could not think of further advances southwards. Already because of illness, local conditions, the need to man the Danube fortresses and the impending deterioration of the weather and thus the need to place the army in winter quarters. Eugene stationed troops in Serbia, Banat, Transylvania and Hungary. In addition, the Spanish attempted to occupy Sardinia and the Emperor had to think of defending the Italian states. Both sides thus had the will to make peace. The Turks offered Serbia in exchange for peace. Eugene demanded that a commissioner with full powers be appointed and peace negotiations be held according to the Carlovian principle that the territory would go to the actual de facto holder. The Emperor did not want representatives of the Maritimes to participate in the negotiations, which, however, the Padishah pushed through. The English persuaded the Ottomans to demand the return of Belgrade in return for territory on the Adriatic or in Bosnia, or for a sum of money. This the imperial side refused. Peace negotiations thus began in Požarevac.


Požarevac
On 5 June 1718, the Peace Congress began in Požarevac. It was attended by all three warring parties (Imperial, Turkish and Venetian) and also by representatives of Britain and the Netherlands. Already on 12 July 1718 a treaty was concluded between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of St. Mark. The Venetians surrendered the Peloponnese and Crete, and in turn were left with the Ionian Islands and the cities of Preveza and Arta. The Venetians did not have the strength to reconquer the territories, they were not very profitable and already in April an agreement was reached between Vienna and Venice on compensation for the lost territories.


The treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Emperor was concluded on 21 July 1718. The Habsburg Monarchy gained the Banat of Temeșa, Lesser Wallachia, part of the border territory of Bosnia and the northern part of Serbia between Belgrade and the Timok River. The Peace of Požerevac represented a high point for the Habsburg Monarchy, but in subsequent clashes it lost some of the territories it gained. On the other hand, the trade agreement concluded on 27 July 1718 laid the foundation for economic penetration. The Danube monarchy gained a number of commercial advantages, which were also borne uneasily by France and the maritime powers.





Sources:
- Jiří BORITZKA: "The War of Prince Eugene", 1716-1716. In: Historický obzor, vol. 19, 2008, pp. 2-22
- Kenneth Meyer SETTON: Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the seventeenth century, American Philosophical Society, 1991
- http://www.aeiou.at/aeiou.encyclop.t/t941704.htm
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